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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do atoms consist of?
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Protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-).
Electrons in lowest available energy level are called ground state and at its highest level are called excited state. |
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What are isotopes?
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atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Radioactive isotopes are called Radioisotopes.
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When is energy released?
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Energy is released when a bond is formed.
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When do ionic bonds form?
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form when electrons are transferred. Ex) Anion (-) gains electrons and Cation (+) loses electron.
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When do covalent bonds form?
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form when atoms share electrons. The result is called a molecule.
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What are the three types of bonds?
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Single Covalent Bond, Double Covalent Bond, and Triple Covalent Bond.
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What is a non-polar covalent bond?
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electrons are shared equally formed between any two atoms that are alike and Ex) O2 (O=O)
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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electrons are shared unequally and formed between any two atoms that are unalike and Ex) CO(C=O)
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What is a polar-polar attraction?
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when two or more atoms form a bond, the entire resulting molecule is either polar or non-polar.
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What do hydrogen bonds do?
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Keeps two strands of bonded together forming a double helix and causes water molecules to stick together.
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What are non-polar molecules?
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weak attraction
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What is hydrophobic?
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hates water
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What is hydrolyphic?
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Likes water
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What are characteristics of water?
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Water has a high specific heat. Water has a heat of vaporization. Water has high adhesion properties Water is universal solvent. Water exhibits cohesion tension. Ice floats because it’s less dense than water.
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What is pH?
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pH is a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution. Anything with a pH less than 7 is acid and anything more is alkaline or a base.
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What are organic compounds?
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Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon
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What are the four classes of compounds?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
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What are carbohydrates?
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Supply quick energy, three classes of carbs: Monosaccharide’s, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
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What are some examples of monosaccharides? Disaccharides?
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galactose, fructose, and glucose.
maltose, lactose, and sucrose |
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What do lipids consist of?
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one glycerol and three fatty acids
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What are the two groups of fatty acids and their functions?
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Fatty acids are in two groups Saturated (Comes from animals) and Unsaturated (Comes from plants). Functions are energy storage, structural, and endocrine (hormones).
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What are proteins?
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amino acids joined together by a peptide bond. 20 different types of amino acids. Enzymes are large proteins.
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What is a nucleic acid?
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Nucleic Acid: DNA, RNA, and they carry hereditary info. They are polymers.
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What are the three components of cell theory?
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Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of organisms. All cells exist from preexisting cells. Prokaryotes: No nucleus
Eukaryotes: Nucleus |
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What is the nucleus?
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Nucleus: contains chromosomes made of DNA and wrapped with special proteins called histones into a chromatin network.
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What is the nucleolus?
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Nucleolus: Prominent region inside nucleus where ribosome’s are synthesized.
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What is the role of the ribosomes?
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Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.
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What is the role of the golgi apparatus?
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Golgi Apparatus: Modify, store, and package substances in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Endoplasmic Reticulum: is a system of membrane channels that traverse the cytoplasm. Rough ER is site of protein synthesis. Smooth ER synthesizes hormones, connects rough ER to Golgi apparatus, detoxifies cell, and carbohydrate metabolism.
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What is the role of the lysosome?
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Lysosome: is a sac of hydrolytic enzymes enclosed by a single membrane.
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What are mitochondrion?
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Mitochondrion: is the site of cellular respiration.
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What are vacuole?
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Vacuole: is a single, membrane bound structure that store substances for the cell.
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What are vesicles?
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Vesicle: Tiny vacuoles.
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What are plastids?
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Plastids: found in only plants and algae. Chloroplast site of photosynthesis. Leucoplast store starch and have no color. Chromoplast stores carotenoid pigments and are responsible for coloring of plants.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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Cytoskeleton: Two types: Microtubules and it makes up cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers. Microfilaments: Made up of protein actin and help support the shape of the cell.
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What are the centrioles and centromere?
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Centrioles and Centromere: Organize the spindle fibers required for cell division.
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What are the cilia and flagella?
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Cilia and Flagella: Have same internal structure and both made of microtubules. Cilia are short and flagella are long.
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What is the cell wall?
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Cell Wall: one structure not found in animal cells.
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What is the cytoplasm and cytosol?
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Cytoplasm and Cytosol: Entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane. Cytosol is semi-liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
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What is the cell or plasma membrane?
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Cell or Plasma Membrane: Permeable membrane that selects what enters and leaves the cell.
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What is passive transport?
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Passive Transport: is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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What is simple diffusion?
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Simple Diffusion: is the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Facilitated Diffusion: relies on special protein membrane channels to assist in transporting specific substances across a membrane.
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What is osmosis?
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Osmosis: is the diffusion of water across a membrane.
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What is active transport?
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Active Transport: is the movement of molecules against a gradient, which requires energy (ATP).
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What is ingestion?
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Ingestion: intake of nutrition
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What is digestion?
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Digestion: Enzymatic breakdown, hydrolysis, of food so it can go into body.
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What is respiration?
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Respiration: Metabolic processes that produce ATP for all life processes.
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What is transport?
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Transport: Distribution of molecules from one part of a cell to another
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What is regulation?
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Regulation: Ability to maintain internal stability. (Homeostasis)
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What is passive transport?
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Passive Transport: is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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What is simple diffusion?
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Simple Diffusion: is the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Facilitated Diffusion: relies on special protein membrane channels to assist in transporting specific substances across a membrane.
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What is osmosis?
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Osmosis: is the diffusion of water across a membrane.
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What is active transport?
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Active Transport: is the movement of molecules against a gradient, which requires energy (ATP).
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What is ingestion?
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Ingestion: intake of nutrition
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What is digestion?
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Digestion: Enzymatic breakdown, hydrolysis, of food so it can go into body.
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What is respiration?
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Respiration: Metabolic processes that produce ATP for all life processes.
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What is transport?
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Transport: Distribution of molecules from one part of a cell to another
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What is regulation?
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Regulation: Ability to maintain internal stability. (Homeostasis)
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What is synthesis?
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Synthesis: Combining small molecules or substances into larger complex ones.
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What is excretion?
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Excretion: Removal of metabolic waste.
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What is egestion?
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Egestion: Removal of undigested waste.
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What is reproduction?
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Reproduction: Ability to generate offspring.
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What is irritability?
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Irritability: Ability to respond to stimuli.
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What is locomotion?
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Locomotion: Moving from place to place. (Animal cells)
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What is metabolism?
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Metabolism: Sum total of all life functions.
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What is mitosis?
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Mitosis: functions in repair and growth of body cells.
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What is meiosis?
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Meiosis: occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms.
Centromere: region that holds the two sister chromatids. Cell Cycle: G1, S, G2 Mitosis, Cytokinesis. |
