Joints, Muscular System

Front 1

skeletal muscle structure. 3 things

Back 1

1. Each muscle is its own organ made of many fibers (skeletal muscle fibers)
2. Associated with connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
3. Connective tissue extends from muscle to connect it to bones and dermis

Front 2

skeletal muscle cell

Back 2

skeletal muscle fibers

Front 3

muscle fascicle? what are the bundles composed of?

Back 3

muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles of these. Each entity in the bundles is called a muscle fiber.

Front 4

Tempomandibular Joint

Where is it?
Features?
Type?

Back 4

-Between the temporal bone and the mandible. On the later side of the head.
-Fibrous cartilage disk, joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule
-Combination: plane and ellipsoid (ellipsoid:modified ball and socket)

Front 5

Shoulder Joint

Where is it?
Features?
Type?

Back 5

-Between the humerus and the pectoral girdle, formed by the clavicle and the scapula
-Glenoid cavity: part of the scapula where the humerus rests
-Glenoid Labrum: fibrocartilage ring where joint capsule is attached
-Subscapular Bursa: opens into the joint cavity
-Subacromial Bursa: near the joint cavity, but separated from the joint cavity by the joint capsule
-Rotator Cuff: formed by 4 muscles that hold the humerus in place
-Ball and socket

Front 6

Hip:

Where is it?
Features?
Type?

Back 6

-Between the proximal end of the femur and the coxal bone at the acetabulum.
Acetabular Labrum: fibrocartilage inside the acetabulum
-Transverse Acetabular Ligament: crosses inferiorly, holds structure together
-Ileofemoral Ligament: supports much of body weight, thrusts hips slightly foward
-Ligament of the head of the femur: joins the two bones together, found inside the hip joint
-Type: ball and socket

Front 7

Knee Joint

Where is it?
Features?
Type?

Back 7

-The distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia and fibula
-Cruciate ligament: anterior and posterior, prevent displacement forward or backward
-Collateral ligament: medial and lateral, stabilize side to side
-Suprapattellar Bursa: largest of several, allows thigh muscle to extend over femur

Type: Modified Hinge, ellipsoid characteristics

Front 8

Ankle Joint

Where is it?
Features?
Type?

Back 8

-Distal end of tibia and fibula at the talus
-Malleoli: formed by the ends on the outside of the tibia and fibula (things you can feel on the sides)
-Fibrous capsule: surrounds joint to form ligaments that support
Type: modified hinge

Front 9

What are the reasons why joints change as people age?

Back 9

-Decrease in cartilage
-Decrease in collagen and elastin
-Looses flexibility
-Decreased synovial fluid
-Weaker: more susceptible to injury
-Don't use it, you loose it

Front 10

Rhematoid Arthritis

What is it? What type of joints does it mostly effect?
How is it different from other arthritis types?

Back 10

-Autoimmune disorder in which body attacks a rheumatoid factor (protein people with RA have) found in the blood, and there is a thickening in the joint capsule that destroys the articular cartilage.
Mostly destroys small joints.
-Second most common type of arthritis

Front 11

What is joint replacement called?
What does a joint replacement entail?
What is synthetic joint made of?
-Effects long term?

Back 11

-Arthroplasty
-The bone of articular area is removed on one side or both sides of joint, and the artificial articular areas are glued to the bone.
-Joint made of metal alloys and synthetic plastics
-Only last 2-10 years before a replacement is needed (depends on which joint, the age and condition o patient, etc)

Front 12

Functions of Muscular System

1 and 2

Back 12

Movement: attaches to bones and allows them to move

Posture: maintain tone in body which allows for upright position

Front 13

Functions of Muscular System

3 and 4

Back 13

Breathing: skeletal muscles of the thorax carry out the movements necessary for respiration

Heat production: byproduct of contraction (think shivering!)

Front 14

Functions of Muscular System

5, 6, and 7

Back 14

Communication: speaking and non verbal communication

Constriction of organs or vessels: [contraction of smooth muscle within the walls of internal organs causes those structures to constrict. The constriction can help propel and mix food and water in the digestive tract, and regulate blood flow through vessels]

Heart Contraction: contraction of cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat

Front 15

Contraction

What is it?
What does it do?
After contraction?

Back 15

Ability to shorten forcefully

It causes the structure to which it is attached to move, or if it is an organ, contraction decreases the size

Lengthens passively, via gravity

Front 16

Excitability

Back 16

Excitability

-able to respond to a stiumulus [example thinking to move]
-smooth and cardiac do not always need external stimuli (for example heart does not need a stimulus to beat, but it can respond to stimulus like an epi pen that would cause it to speed up]

Front 17

Extensibility

Back 17

-muscles can be stretched beyond its resting length and still be able to contract. [if you reach to down to get a pencil, your muscles are longer then they normally are but they can still contract to provide the movement to retrieve the pencil]

Front 18

Elasticity

Back 18

-muscles can recoil back to their resting length, and this is in the case of stretch or contraction

Front 19

Skeletal Muscle

Where?
Appearance, appearance of cells?
Cell to cell connections?
Nucleus?
Control and contractions?
Function?

Back 19

-attached to bones
-long fibers stacked neatly. cells are long and cylindrical
-no cell to cell attatchments
-multinucleated
-voluntary control, no spontaneous contractions
-function is movement of skeleton

Front 20

Smooth Muscle

Where?
Appearance, appearance of cells?
Cell to cell connections?
Control and contractions?
Function?

Back 20

-wall of hollow organs and blood vessels
-flat pink structures piled on each other, cell shapes is spindle
-gap junctions in some
-involuntary control, spontaneous contractions in some
-move food, empty bladder, blood vessel dimeter, contract pupils, duct emptying, etc.

Front 21

Cardiac Muscle

Where?
Appearance, appearance of cells?
Cell to cell connections?
Control and contractions?
Function?

Back 21

-heart
-branched (open spaces in between), cells are cylindrical and branched
-intercalated disks
-involuntary and spontaneous contractions
-pumping blood through body by heart contractions
-

Front 22

What are the 3 layers associated with fasciculi:

Back 22

Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium

Front 23

Where are the 3 layers of covering a muscle located and how is each related to blood vessels and nerves?

Back 23

1. Endomysium: surrounds each fiber in structure. Blood vessels and nerves extend through
2. Perimysium: surrounds entire fasciculi. Nerves and blood vessels run along this.
3. Epimysium: surround entire muscle structure. Nerves and bood vessels enter here.

Front 24

What is a motor neuron?
Each neuron innervates what?
Each muscle fiber has how many connections?

Back 24

-Specialized nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract. Cell bodies are in the brain and spinal cord, and their axons extend to skeletal muscle fibers.
-Each neuron innervates multiple muscle fibers, each muscle fibers has only one connection.

Front 25

What is the place called where a neuron contacts a muscle fiber?

Where does a neuron branch?

Back 25

-Synapse or neuromuscular junction
-Perimysium

Front 26

Origin of muscle fiber?

Back 26

-Muscle fibers develop from less mature, multinucleate cells called myoblasts
-Multiple nuclei in myoblasts and later muscle cells result from the fusion of myoblast precursor cells
-They accumulate contractile cells to become mature
-Neves extend to cells once they become mature

Front 27

Sarcolemma

Back 27

-plama membrane of muscle fibers (phosphlipid membrane and muscle cell

Front 28

Two layers surround the sarcolemma (plasma membrane of muscle fiber), what/were are these 2 layers and what are they made of?

Back 28

-External lamina: outside sarcolemma , made of reticular fibers. (layer not visible when using a light microscope)

-Endomysium: thicker layer, outer layer (over sarcoplasm), also made of reticular fibers

Front 29

Transverse tubules, what are they associated with?

Back 29

-connect extracellular and intracellular environment

-associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 30

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 30

smooth endoplasmic reticulum, holds calcium stores

Front 31

Myofibrils:

what do myofibrils contain?
what are they called?
what are the 2 kinds?

Back 31

-bundles of protein filaments (muscle fibers are what the bundles in fasiculi are made up of, myofibrils are what the bundles in a muscle fiber are made up of)

-myofibrils contain: 2 types of protein filaments called myofilaments

Actin myofilaments, or thin myofilaments (smaller and shorter

myosin myofilaments, or thick myofilaments, are thicker and longer

Front 32

Composition of actin?

Back 32

-2 fibrous actin (f actin) [Each F actin strand is a polymer of smaller globular units called G actin, the 2 f actin strands are wound together]
-Tropomyosisn: winds along groove of F actin
-Troponin: 3 subunits with 3 binding sites. Binding sites: 1 to actin, 1 to Ca ion, 1 to tropomyosin

Front 33

Composition of Myosin?

myosin myofilaments are composed of many elongated myosin molecules, each myosin molecule consists of:

Back 33

-2 myosin heavy chains, these heavy chains wound around each other form the rod portion
-2 myosin heads that extend laterally
-4 light myosin chains (2 attached to each of the 2 heads)

Front 34

Sarcomere:

extends from where to where?

Back 34

-basic structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle. smallest portion able to contract in a muscle.

-extends from one z disk to an adjacent z disk

Front 35

Parts of a sarcomere

Z disk:

I band:

A band:

Back 35

I band: includes Z disk and extends to the ends of myosin

Z Disk: Network of proteins, actin attaches here

A band: extends the length of myosin, overlap of myofilaments (actin and myosin)

Front 36

Parts of a sarcomere:

H zone:

M Line:

Titin:

Back 36

H zone: myosin only (so where actin overlaps myosin does not count as H zone)

M line: center where myosin attaches (helps hold myosin in places)

Titin: large protein, attaches to Z disk and extends to M line

Front 37

Actin and myosin are:

Back 37

protein filaments

Front 38

myofibrils are bundles of:

Back 38

protein filaments (actin and myosin are protein filaments, and are called myofilaments)

Front 39

What happens to myofilaments?

What happens to a sarcomere during contraction?

What happens to myofibrils?

What happens to the muscle fibers?

Groups of muscle fibers make up a muscle fascicle, and several muscle fascicles make up a whole muscle

Back 39

-the length of the myofilaments does not change

-the sarcomere shortens during contraction

-the length of myofibrils shorten because myofibrils consist of sarcomeres joined end to end

-the myofibrils extend the length of the muscle fiber and when they shorten the muscle fibers shorten

Front 40

muscle cells are what:

electrical signals called what, travel from the brain to the spinal cord along the axons to muscle fibers and cause them to what

(*the basis of the electrical properties of muscles is the movement of ions across the membrane)

Back 40

-electrically excitable

-action potentials

-contract

Front 41

How are ligand-gated ion channels opened?

Back 41

-open when a ligand binds to a receptor that is part of the ion channel. (Ex: neurotransmitters are ligands which bind to ligand-gated Na+ channels in the membranes of the muscle fibers, which allow Na+ to enter the cell

Front 42

How are voltage gated channels opened?

Back 42

-voltage gated channels are opened in response to change in membrane potential

Front 43

Electrically excitable cells, like most cells are what?

What does polarized mean?

This charge difference across the plasma membrane is called the:

Back 43

-Electrically excitable cells like most cells are polarized

-The inside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged compared with the outside. (so an electrical charge difference/ voltage difference exists across each plasma membrane)

-The resting membrane potential