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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classification of Joints
*fibrous *cartilaginous *synovial |
By structure and Function
*structural= binding material *functional= amount of movement allowed at the joint |
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Fibrous Joints
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*Bones are joined by fibrous tissue
*length of fibers = movement |
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Cartilaginous Joints
*synchondrosis=bar or plate *symphysis=fusion of articular cartilage |
Articulating bones are connected by cartigage
*no joint cavity * |
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Synovial Joints
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Articulating bones are seperated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
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Sutures
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Seams that occur between the bones of the skull
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Synostoses
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During middle age the fibrous tissue ossifies in the skull and the skull bones fuse together
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Syndesmoses
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Bones that are connected by a ligament, cord or band of fibrous tissue.
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Synovial Joints
*fluid filled cavity *all are diarthrotic |
General features
*articular cartilage (hyaline) *joint cavity (fluid) *articular cavity capsule, synovium *synovial fluid |
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Reinforcing ligaments
*intrinsic *extracapsular *intracapsular |
*part of fibrous capsule
*outside of capsule *deep to capsuleand covered by synovium |
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Fat pads
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Between fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
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Articular disks
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Improve fit between bones and increase joint stability
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Bursae
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Flattened synovial membrane sacs filled with fluid
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Tendon sheath
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Elongated bursae wrapped around tendons
*reduces friction |
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Stabilizing factors in joints
*articular surfaces are shaped to fit * |
ligaments
*more ligaments= more stability *if stretched stays stretched *muscle tone |
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Muscles attached to bone allow for movement of bone
*origin= immovable bone insertions= moveable bone |
Movements along body axis
*transverse *frontal *sagittal |
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Movement of Synovial Joints
ROM Gliding=one surface slips over another |
ex: tarsals and carpals
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Movement of synovial Joints
*angular=change angle ex:flexion,extension,dorsiflexion,abduction,adduction |
*Rotation=turning on long axis
ex:medial rotation, lateral rotation |
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Special Synovial Movements
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pronation,supination
inversion,eversion protration,retraction |
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Types of Synovial Joints
*Plane= surfaces flat,gliding, *Hinge= extesion and flexion |
Types of Synovial Joints
*Pivot=bony projection fits into ring rotation |
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Types of Synovial Joints
*Ball and Socket spherical Head greatest ROM flexion,extension |
*condyloid or elliptical
extension,flexion *Saddle=saddle and rider, opposition = thumb |
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Sprain
*ligament stretched or torn *slow to heal *rupture requires surgery |
Strain
*damage to joint tissues *swelling, RICE |
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Dislocation
*bones out of alignment reduction required |
Subluxation
*loss of use of the joint |
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Osteoarthritis
*wear and tear |
Rheumatoid Arthritis
*autoimmune disease *begins in the synovitis |
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Gouty Arthritis
*Uric acid crystals deposited in joint *inflammatory reaction occurs *affects great toe first |
Treatments
*NSAIDS *Heat *Motion |
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Types of Muscles
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*skeletal
*smooth *cardiac |
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Skeletal Muscle
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*attached to bones
*straited voluntary *cylindrical,multinucleated |
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Smooth Muscle
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*visceral tubes and hollow organs
*non-straited, involuntary *spindle shaped, uninucleated |
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Cardiac Muscle
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*Heart
*Striated,involuntary *branched intercalated disks |
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Charicteristics of Muscle Tissue
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*excitable
*contractile *extensible *elastic |
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Muscle Functions
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*produce monvement
*maintain posture *stabilize joints *generate heat |
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Skeletal Muscle
Nerve and blood Supply |
*well supplied with each
*enter at center of muscle *branch profusely through CT |
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Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
*CT wrappings |
*endomysium
*perimysium *epimysium *deep fascia |
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Muscle attachment to bone
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*origin
*insertion *direct attachment *apomeurosis *indirect attchment |
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Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
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*carcolemma=cell membrane
*sarcoplasm=cytoplasm -glycogen & myoglobin *myofibrils=cytoskeleton -80% of cell, over lapping myofibrils |
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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*smooth endoplasmic reticulum
*houses CA+ *surrounds each myofibril |
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Motor Unit
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*Axon and all muscles it serves
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Graded Muscle response
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*not counting how many but how fast
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Muscle Fatigue
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*Muscle will not contract even though asked to
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