Joint And Muscle

Front 1

Mobility vs. Stabililty

Back 1

inversely related

Front 2

mobility in a synovial joint is created with

Back 2

synovial fluid

Front 3

Ligaments, menisci, disks, plates, and labrum increase

Back 3

Stability and gain bracing designed by these for mobility

Front 4

Synarthroses

Back 4

nonsynovial; interosseous connective tissue

fibrous: suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

Cartilaginous: symphsis and synchondrosis

Front 5

1. suture

2. Gomphosis

3. syndesmosis

Back 5

1. coronal sutures interlock

2. tooth to mandible or maxilla

3. ligament, cord or aponeurotic membrane at tib/fib or radius/ulna

Front 6

1. Symphysis

2. synchondrosis

Back 6

1. fibrocartilage disks or plates; symphysis pubis; intervertebral joints; manubrium-sternum

2. hyaline growth cartilage that converts to bony union – 1st chondrosternal joint

Front 7

Diarthroses

Back 7

2 layered joint capsule

Joint cavity

Synovium lining capsule

Synovial fluid

Hyaline cartilage

Various additional structures

Front 8

Joint Capsule

Back 8

Variable in strength and composition depending on joint function and stresses on joint.

Front 9

Outer fibrous layer: stratum fibrosum

Back 9

type I collagen in parallel bundles; poor vascularity, good innervationStrong,

adds stability, has ability to heal, and have pain if pinched or torn

Front 10

Inner layer: stratum synovium

Back 10

with intima lining the joint space and subsynovial tissue that is highly vascular loose tissue for support

Front 11

Synovial fluid

Back 11

Lubricates and reduces friction

Front 12

Lubricin

Back 12

a glycoprotein for cartilage lubrication

Hyaluronic acid for viscosity and synovial lubrication

Front 13

Thixotropic properties

Back 13

viscosity varies inversely with joint velocity or rate of shear. Rapid movement – decreased viscosity and less resistance to motion. Slow motion – increased viscosity and greater resistance to motion.

Temperature affects viscosity – high temp, less viscous

Front 14

Boundary lubrication

Back 14

Lubricin for cartilage-on-cartilage lubrication. Most effective at low loads.

Front 15

Fluid lubrication

Back 15

hydrostatic pressure from compression forces cause "weeping" in and out of articular cartilage; (loading and unloading)

Front 16

hydrodynamic lubrica

Back 16

wedge of fluid viscosity keeps the joint surfaces apart (water balloon try pushing edges together but there is always a layer of fluid beteween; closed system);

Front 17

elastohydrodynamic

Back 17

elastic cartilage deforms to maintain fluid layer between surfaces, and boosted

Front 18

Types of diarthrodial joints

Back 18

Uniaxial – one plane around one axis

1 DF

Biaxial – two planes around two axes

2 DF

Triaxial (multiaxial) – three planes and three axes

3 DF

Front 19

Uniaxial joints

Back 19

Hinge – IP joints

Pivot (trochoid) – atlas & axis

Front 20

Biaxial joints

Back 20

Condyloid – MCP joint

Saddle – CMC of thumb

Front 21

Triaxial joints

Back 21

Plane - carpals and tarsals

Ball and socket – shoulder and h

Front 22

Circumduction

Back 22

is a combination of all 3 planes. Triaxial has circumduction

Front 23

Link system

Back 23

-movement at one joint in accompanied by movement at an adjacent joint

Front 24

Kinematic chain

Back 24

series of rigid links that interact

Front 25

Closed:

Open

Back 25

1 distal end fixed; ex: stance phase of gait

2 distal end moves freely or in unison with other joints; ex: swing phase of gait

Front 26

Range of Motion

Back 26

anatomic or physiologic motion

Front 27

end-feel –

Back 27

passive physiologic end range

Front 28

hypermobility

Back 28

exceeds normal limits

Front 29

hypomobility

Back 29

limited motion; maybe contracture of soft tissues

Front 30

Osteokinematics

Back 30

Movement of bones during physiologic joint motion

Front 31

Arthrokinematics

Back 31

Movement of the joint surfaces

Front 32

Roll:

slide (glide):

Spin:

Back 32

Movement of the joint surfaces

Roll – new points contact new points; ball rolling

Slide (glide) – one point contacts new points; grab ball so it doesn't roll then slide it

Spin – pure rotatory; same points in contact

Front 33

Motion depends on shape of joint and usually is a combination of roll and glide resulting in

Back 33

curvilinear motion with a moving axis

Front 34

Ovoid joint

Back 34

one convex and one concave

Front 35

Sellar joint

Back 35

both surfaces are convex & concave

Front 36

RULES of Arthrokinematic Motion

Back 36

1) If convex bone moves down, roll occurs in the same direction, glide occurs in opposite direction.

2) If concave bone moves down, roll & glide occur in the same direction

Front 37

Accessory motions

Back 37

Component motion, joint play

Front 38

Component motion

Back 38

motion occurring in a related joint that allows physiological motion to occur normally, Shoulder flexion requires AC, SC, ST motion

Front 39

Joint play

Back 39

motion occurring in a joint only as a response to an outside force

Distraction of the humeral head from glenoid

Finger rotation

Front 40

Close-packed

Back 40

full congruence of surfaces; usually extreme ROM; capsule and ligaments are taut, joint is compressed, minimal distraction is available, no further movement.

Front 41

Loose-packed

Back 41

incongruent surfaces; usually mid-position; ligaments and capsule lax, distraction available, allows for spine, roll, glide; maximal open packed position = rest position.

Front 42

Pathokinesiology of joints

Back 42

Disease – rheumatoid or osteoarthritis

Injury – compression/distraction/shearing

Ligament damage leads to instability and joint changes

Immobilization or stress deprivation – Table 2-8 & Case Application 2-11

Contractures, weaker bone, ligament and tendon

Overuse or repetitive injury

Front 43

Exercise Effects on Joints

Back 43

Bone – weight bearing exercise

Cartilage – application & removal of loads, still poorly understood

Tendon – progressive loading

Ligament – need more evidence about ligament response to exercise

Front 44

Muscle'sfunction is to produce force for

Back 44

mobility or stability

Front 45

Muscle constantly battles

Back 45

Gravity

Front 46

muscle force resists _______ of joint surfaces and approximates the surfaces providing ______-

Back 46

Movement and stability

Front 47

Stability is greatest in

Back 47

Closed packed position

Front 48

In_________ packed position muscle demand is greater to achieve stability

Back 48

Loose

Front 49

Muscle structure

Back 49

Musclefiber components – Fig. 3-1 &3.2

Actin, myosin,structural proteins (titin)

Contractileunit – Fig. 3-3,4,5,6;

summaryon p. 117 – ConceptCornerstone 3-1

Motorunit – Fig 3.7

Summaryof tension on p.114 – Concept Conerstone 3-2

Front 50

Type of contraction

Back 50

Concentric –shortening contraction (positive work; W=Fxd)

Eccentric –lengthening contraction (negative work)

Isometric – constantlength (no work, no distance)

Front 51

muscle fiber types

type 1

type 2

Back 51

Type I (slowoxidative) – stability, postural, tonic

soleus

Type II– mobility,phasic

TypeIIA (fast oxidative glycoltyic) – intermediate

TypeIIB – (fast glycolytic)

biceps

Front 52

Muscular connectivetissue

Back 52

Endomysium> perimysium > epimysium

Front 53

Muscle tension

Back 53

Passive tension fromparallel elastic components.

Active tension fromcontractile elements

Total tension =active + passive

Front 54

Length-TensionRelationship

Back 54

Optimal sarcomerelength at which muscle fiber can develop maximal tension

1.2 X resting length

Immobilization in ashort or long position will change the LT relationship

Front 55

Activeinsufficiency:

Back 55

forcecontraction. decreased force capability due to shortened or lengthened state.

Front 56

Force-VelocityRelationship

Back 56

As shorteningvelocity decreases, force development increases.

At zero velocity,the contraction is isometric.

With lengthening,force increases and then plateaus.

Front 57

isokinetic

isoinertial

Back 57

Isokinetic –constant angular velocity; changing torque through ROM

Isoinertial –constant load or resistance; parallels functional activities