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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intro |
1877 started starley n Sutton Co with William Sutton setting about designing safer n easier bicycles 1885 starley produced rover safety bicycle |
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Problems with high wheel bicycle |
Rider sat above large front wheel meaning falling off was hazardous Bicycle-not easy to handle as it required running start Women unable to use them as long skirts become easily tangled in pedals Fast n attracted mainly young men who liked to race them- met with social disapproval |
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Safety bicycle into production |
Launched at Stanley bicycle show with muted reception Athletic penny farthing riders treated it with contempt suggesting it was for older men But following race held by starley to demonstrate its qualities in September led to sales rising sharply By early 1890s other firms were emulating n although older designs stayed popular the safety dominated the trade |
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Economic importance of safety bicycle - growth of cycle industry |
Employment- 1881 national employment of 1000 in Coventry 700 1885= 5000 nationally n 3000 in Coventry 1890 4000 in Coventry Impact on Coventry known as cycle city large no. of manufacturers n did not have monopoly on the industry in early 1880s Investment n production- swift cycle co 1894-5 produced 200,000 to 400,000 in 1897 |
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Economic importance of safety bicycle- cost of cycling |
Hire purchase - helped boost demand as William starley introduced practice whereby a bicycle could be had for a down payment of a guniea followed by regular small payments but could get guniea back as a finders fee Second hand market- 2nd hand high grade from 18 gunieas to 13 , loss of about 50% on riders first cost Falling prices- best remained expensive £30 in 1880s but lower grade (swift safety no. 2) retailed for £16 10s in 1888. As production grew costs tended to fall |
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Economic importance of safety bicycle- new manufacturing methods |
Standardisation Division of labour |
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Rover safety bicycle |
Jk starley trying to achieve improvement cycles on which he was working = increase driving power + improve safety Key features= wheels n tyres 19.44 inch wheel rear wheel break pneumatic tyres 1887. Frames= coupling rod steering with handle bars braced single backbone frame diamond shape frame= royal rover model 1904, seated between the wheels lower to the ground, chain driven rear wheel near wheel brake Superior as safer for the rider Did not have monopoly on the market so competition sprung up in William hillman model ‘kangaroo’ 1885 organised 100 m race to demonstrate superiority = in cycling papers starley announced race from London to Brighton and back again on 25th sep 1885. Beat record of kangaroo |
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The great slump |
Speculator who encouraged companies to raise capital through issuing shares Raleigh cycle co £250,000 from shares used by all to invest in new productive capacity Starley invested heavily through from his own profits rather than raising share capital Industry was over capitalised too much product for saturated market Starley brothers went out of business- 1911 cycle industry was only 26% of national workforce but height of boom been 49% Profits returned by 1900 but competition between surviving companies was more intense - had to diversify |
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Leisure in late 19th c |
Spent time = music halls, football, clubs societies, array of cycle clubs Why more leisure time- trade union movement, cultural improvements- capitalism, social reforms factory acts n shop acts 8 hour working days |
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Cycling stuff |
Pickwick club- formed 1870 n starley was active member 1878 cyclist touring club formed with mass appeal centred on fashionable n professional classes over 60,000 members by 1899 with 200 MPs 1890+ 2000 clubs active 1891 cycling weekly first published n reached 41,000 members by 1900, 1.5 mill cyclists out of 35 mill population Church based groups appeared+ worked based bourneville cycle club formed by employers of Cadbury chocolate factory Lord Randolph Churchill raised questioned to Home Secretary regarding way new pneumatic tyres meant silent cyclists Royal improvement association 1886 as cycling touring clubs constantly complained about poor maintenance of roads |
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Clarion club |
The clarion = newspaper formed in 1891 promoted socialist ideas, distributed from clarion vans Club formed 1894 at labour church in Birmingham Branches spread across midlands and north n by 1900 membership over 8000 |
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Clarion club- impacts |
Nature health n politics- Tom groom founding member national press n writer of the ‘cycloranna’ Column in the paper which stressed return to nature, n socialism presented as way to go beyond confines of industrial city Leisure- called for shorter working hours n free time taken up by wholesome-pursuits to promote health. Annual ‘meets’ attracted large numbers to peak districts of bakewell n Ashbourne 1899 skipton meet = 400 delegates Politics- groom wrote about contact between cycling in the countryside n the squalor of towns. Natural experiences pushed people to question political system n demand social their socialism was more than demand for the redistribution of wealth n cultural movement aiming to transform social environment through political change ‘The socialists pioneered a rhetoric of fresh air and countryside of escaping the city as a purified practice’ |
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Clarion scouts |
Formed 1894 Active propagandists who gave out leaflets Monthly journal = the Scout 1897 pamphlet outlined duties of the scout as teaching socialism through ‘good humoured argument’ Faced lots of opposition = 1898 chesire constable concerned with threat to public safety posed by clarion meeting- rally at the bordern prevented gathering |
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ILP Independent Labour Party +SDF social democratic federation |
ILP 1893 less dogmatic Christian socialism critiqued capitalism as neglecting the poor less about changing Economy more about creating social structures more equitable. Emphasised need for collective basis to society- issue of poverty needed to be addressed rights of workers advanced SDF- 1881 strict Marxists interpretation of society focused on economics. Anti capitalist. Leader Henry mayors hyndman whose authoritarian reputation split opinions within the party. More radical. Less inclined to reform existing capitalist structures |
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Aims n activities of clarion club |
Very popular= skipton meet 400 delegates Provided fellowship for socialist cyclists extending their horizons n linking leisure to practice of politics Annual meets organised by local clarion groups attracted large no. of cyclists to Peak District towns of bakewell n Ashbourne Tom groom wrote about way cycling in countryside among nature sharp contrast to cities |
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Cycling n popular culture |
Courtship- historian pj Perry out of parish marriages in Dorset villages from 1880s Songs- Henry darces ‘daisy bell’ 1892 bicycle made for two Books- hg Wells the wheel of chance n tressels the ragged trousered philanthropist’ |
