Jkjkhardcore Bio Osmosis

Front 1

In osmosis Differing #'s of solutes molecules or ions on two sides of the CM

Back 1

Difference in H2O concentration

Front 2

what helps maintain differences on either side of the biological membrane?
(CM feature)

Back 2

Selective permeability

Front 3

Solute concentration of a solution is called osmolariy, what is that formula?

Back 3

osmoles/Liters

Front 4

the side with high osmolarity

Back 4

hyperosmotic

Front 5

the side with lower osmolarity

Back 5

hypoosmotic

Front 6

both sides have equal osmolarity

Back 6

isoosmotic

Front 7

Osmoconformers

Back 7

when cellular and extracellular match osmolarity of the envt.

Front 8

osmoregulators

Back 8

use control mechanisms to keep the osmolarity of cellular and extracellular fluids the same

Front 9

What must animals excrete to maintain osmolarity

Back 9

water

Front 10

In osmoregulation and excretion what are the 4 step process of the tubules?

Back 10

1. Filtration
2 reabsoption
secretion
excretion

Front 11

Filtration

Back 11

nonselective mvmt of some water and solutes into the proximal end

Front 12

reabsorption

Back 12

some molecules and ions are transported by transport epi back to the body fluids

Front 13

secretion

Back 13

selective process where small molecules and ions transported from body into tubules

Front 14

excretion

Back 14

wastes are released into the environment from the distal end of the tubule

Front 15

In all vertebrates and many invertebrates where are the excretory tubules found?

Back 15

kidneys

Front 16

3 nitrogenous products our metabolism

Back 16

Ammonia, urea, uric acid

Front 17

ammonia

Back 17

removes amine groups from amino acids toxic

Front 18

urea

Back 18

nontoxic and used by all mammals and many other creatures

Front 19

uric acid

Back 19

used to conserve water and is used by some reptiles and birds instead of ammonia and urea, nontoxic. needs more energy to be made, but much more efficient (4x as much nitrogen)

Front 20

Are invertebrates osmoconformers or osmoregulators?

Back 20

both

Front 21

what types of invertebrates are osmoregulators which are osmoconformers?

Back 21

most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers
all freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates are osmoregulators.

Front 22

Marine osmoconformers vs freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates

Back 22

marine: easy to excrete harder to keep in
terrestrial:need to spend energy to maintain their internal fluids hyperosmotic

Front 23

of the osmoregulators of invertebrates how are freshwater invertebrates different

Back 23

they expend more energy to excrete water

Front 24

Of the osmoregulators of invertebrates how do terrestrial osmoregulators maintain ?

Back 24

They replace lost fluids and obtain salts.

Front 25

Flatworms and larval mollusks have a special tubule called: describe it's A&P

Back 25

protonephridia
2 branching network where some fluids are reabsorbed and some are secreted

Front 26

special tubule in annelids and most adult molluks describe it's A&P

Back 26

metanephrida
fullen like proximal end surrounded with cilia that admits hemolyph where reabsorption and secretion takes place

Front 27

special tubules in insects and other arthropods A&P

Back 27

melpighian tubules
closed proximal ends immersed in hemolymph
not filter; just excretory

Front 28

what are the excretory tubules of the kidney?

Back 28

nephrons

Front 29

Urinary system 4 parts

Back 29

kidneys ureter bladder urethra

Front 30

Renal vein

Back 30

filtered blood is routed away from the kidneys via this vessel

Front 31

what types of invertebrates are osmoregulators which are osmoconformers?

Back 31

most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers
all freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates are osmoregulators.

Front 32

Marine osmoconformers vs freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates

Back 32

marine: easy to excrete harder to keep in
terrestrial:need to spend energy to maintain their internal fluids hyperosmotic

Front 33

of the osmoregulators of invertebrates how are freshwater invertebrates different

Back 33

they expend more energy to excrete water

Front 34

Of the osmoregulators of invertebrates how do terrestrial osmoregulators maintain ?

Back 34

They replace lost fluids and obtain salts.

Front 35

Flatworms and larval mollusks have a special tubule called: describe it's A&P

Back 35

protonephridia
2 branching network where some fluids are reabsorbed and some are secreted

Front 36

special tubule in annelids and most adult molluks describe it's A&P

Back 36

metanephrida
fullen like proximal end surrounded with cilia that admits hemolyph where reabsorption and secretion takes place

Front 37

special tubules in insects and other arthropods A&P

Back 37

melpighian tubules
closed proximal ends immersed in hemolymph
not filter; just excretory

Front 38

what are the excretory tubules of the kidney?

Back 38

nephrons

Front 39

Urinary system 4 parts

Back 39

kidneys ureter bladder urethra

Front 40

Renal vein

Back 40

filtered blood is routed away from the kidneys via this vessel

Front 41

ureter

Back 41

tube from kidney to bladder

Front 42

urethra

Back 42

tube from bladder to outside

Front 43

what prevents water from just leaving the bladder and going out the urethra

Back 43

2 spincters there
1 is automatic
1 is controlled consciously

Front 44

Bowman's capsule

Back 44

infolded region that cups around a ball of blood capillaries

Front 45

glomerulus

Back 45

where filtration occurs covered by the bowman's capsule

Front 46

Loop of henle

Back 46

composed of a proximal and distal end that is responsible for creating a concentration gradient important for reabsorption

Front 47

what is different about the kidney's capillariy system than other capillary beds

Back 47

There is a "portal" system and other beds called peritubular capillaries that reabsorb from the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Front 48

Which 3 features contribute to the hyperosmotic feature of urine

Back 48

Loop of henle
differences in the permeability of the nephron
A gradient in the concentration of molecules of the ICF of the kidney

These 3 features help conserve nutrients and water balance salts and concentrate wastes.

Front 49

2 factors that help maintain pressure driving fluid into the bowman's capsule

Back 49

afferent (big) arteriole
efferent (smaller) arteriole

Front 50

how much does the bowman's capsule filter each day

Back 50

180L out of 1400 L of blood

Front 51

In the bowmna's capsule filtration takes place what happens in the rest of the nephron?

Back 51

Reabsorption and secretion

Front 52

aquaporins

Back 52

transport proteins that aid in osmotic movement of fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 53

why does the proximal convoluted tubule have burshboder ciliated microvillii
What does it reabsorb?

Back 53

increase surface area
67% of the Na, K and Cl Ions 65% of the water 50% of the urea all glucose and other nutrient molecules

Front 54

an example of active transport into the proximal convoluted tubule

Back 54

H+ ions

Front 55

an example of passive secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule

Back 55

detoxified poisons

Front 56

The descending degment of the loop of helne reabsorbs what?

Back 56

has aquaporins which allow rapid reabsorption of water

Front 57

ascending segment of the loop of henle

Back 57

concentrate wastes even more, and move Na Cl out via passive transport (at the top via active transport)
reabsorption of salt ions.

Front 58

Loop of henle function

Back 58

conserve water nutrients ions and return them to body fluids
Urea and other nitrogenous wastes are concentrated in the filtrate

Front 59

in the distal convoluted tubule what removes additional water from the fluid in the tubule?

Back 59

trnasport epithelium

Front 60

in the distal convoluted tubule do more ions move out of the tube or in the tube? what happens as a result of the water movement

Back 60

More water moves out by osmosis

Front 61

What helps concentrate the urine collecting all the wastes in the filtrate?

Back 61

Collecting ducts which descend downward from the cortex through the medulla of the kidney.

Front 62

Kangaroo rat

Back 62

most efficient waterconserving terrestrial mammals
90% of the water supply is generated from oxidative reactions in the cells of the rat

Front 63

marine mammals

Back 63

eat salty foods and make concentrated urine

Front 64

How is the kidney controlled (2 types / 3 ways)

Back 64

2 types
1. autoregulation
2. hormonal
1 auto, 2 hormones=3 ways

Front 65

Autoregulation of the kidneys

Back 65

btw glomerulus and the nephron; responds instantly to keep filtration rate constant during small variations in BP. there are signal receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 66

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 66

has signal receptors that monitor bp
also secrete renin

Front 67

RAAS

Back 67

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Balance of water with those antagonistical hormones

Front 68

how can Na+ be low? several reasons

Back 68

excessive vomiting, heavy sweating, not enough in diet

Front 69

Low blood Na+ levels
RAAS

Back 69

juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin >angiotensin I > agII > inc Blood pressure also stimulates the release of ADH by the neuro hypophysis which inc Na+ reabsorption

Front 70

Na + levels too high

Back 70

renin inhibited, at and aldosterone is not secreted.
ANF in heart helps inhibit renin

Front 71

nonmammalirian vertebrates with similar kidney functions

Back 71

most vertbrates don't conserve water via high concentrated urine, maybe a few aquatic birds do.

Front 72

Fish w respect to osmotic regulation

Back 72

gills have chloride cells which kick out Cl- ions

Front 73

rectal salt gland

Back 73

in sharks they get rid of excess salts

Front 74

marine fish vs freshwater fish/amphibians w respect to osmotic regulation

Back 74

marine fish conserve water excrete salts
freshwater fish excrete water conserve salts

Front 75

reptiles and birds w respect to osmoregulation

Back 75

they excrete nitrogenous wats in the form of uric acid crystals. This helps conserve water