Jew Civ *groups*

Front 1

Habiru/Apiru

Back 1

used to designate social class of Hebrews in Mesopotamia and Egypt

Front 2

Philistines

Back 2

enemies of the Israelites

Front 3

Tanna'im

Back 3

rabbis who wrote the Mishnah during the period of 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.

Front 4

Amor'im

Back 4

rabbis who wrote the Talmud from 200 to 500 C.E.

Front 5

Samaritans

Back 5

a group of native inhabitants of Samaria who established their own Yahwist sanctuary in revolt of Alexander and the Macedonian colonist

Front 6

Essenes

Back 6

a semimonastic organization by the Dead Sea who were the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Front 7

Pharisees

Back 7

the first rabbis who were in opposition of the Hasmoneans

Front 8

Sadducees

Back 8

aristocratic priesthood of the Hasmonean dynasty who became highly Hellenized

Front 9

Zealots

Back 9

violent revolutionaries who attacked the aristocracy and other groups that they considered insufficiently committed to the Jewish war

Front 10

Dhimmis

Back 10

Jews and Christians living under Islam whose status was defined by a set of rules known as the pact of Umar

Front 11

Geonim

Back 11

the leaders of the Babylonian academies

Front 12

Berbers

Back 12

established kingdoms (taifas) throughout Spain

Front 13

Almohads

Back 13

extremist Islamic sect from Morocco that arrived in Granada in the 12th century and gradually took control of Spain, outlawing both Judaism and Christianity in their territories

Front 14

Ashkenazis

Back 14

the Jews along the Rhine in the late 11th and 12th century

Front 15

Apostates

Back 15

converted Jews

Front 16

Conversos

Back 16

Spanish new Christians; many became sincere Christians while others continued to practice the customs

Front 17

Conversos

Back 17

new Christians; many became sincere Christians while others continued to practice the customs

Front 18

Sephardic Jews

Back 18

Mediterranean Jews who left Spain

Front 19

Ashkenazi Jews

Back 19

Eastern European Jews

Front 20

Levantine Jews

Back 20

Jews from the Ottoman Empire who had turned westward in pursuit of trading opportunities in the 16th century

Front 21

Radhanites

Back 21

Traders who shipped goods back and forth from the Middle East to Europe (Established the Silk Road)

Front 22

Haskilim

Back 22

People who follow Haskalah (The Enlightenment)

Front 23

Zaddikim

Back 23

Hasidic rabbis

Front 24

Mitnaggedim

Back 24

the opponents of the Hasidim who excommunicated them

Front 25

Bolshevik Red Army

Back 25

the only group in Ukraine that did not persecute the Jews; it actually punished some perpetrators of atrocities

Front 26

Aryans

Back 26

what Hitler considered the master race

Front 27

Actions Groups

Back 27

special mobile killing squads established by the Germans after they invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 whose purpose of which was the murder Soviet commissars, communists, partisans, Jews, and gypsies in the vast new territories that now came under German control

Front 28

Hashemites

Back 28

a powerful family in Arabia headed by the emir Hussein that carried out acts of sabotage against Turkey

Front 29

Haganah

Back 29

Jewish defense institution in Palestine

Front 30

Fedayeen

Back 30

gangs of guerillas fostered by Jordan and Egypt to ambush Israel

Front 31

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

Back 31

Palestinian groups formed in Jordan in 1964

Front 32

Fatah

Back 32

the most active of the PLOs