Jerusalem Final Exam Id's

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(570–632). The last of the Prophets, from whose proclamation of Qur'n Islam derives.

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Prophet Muhammad

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a square stone building in the centre of the Great Mosque at Mecca, the site most holy to Muslims and towards which they must face when praying. It stands on the site of a pre-Islamic shrine said to have been built by Abraham, and a sacred Black Stone is set in its south-eastern corner.

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Kaaba

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a city in western Saudi Arabia, an oasis town in the Red Sea region of Hejaz, east of Jiddah, considered by Muslims to be the holiest city of Islam;

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Mecca

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Mountain near Mecca, said to have been the scene of the first revelation given to Muhammad on the Night of Destiny (laylat al-qadr). The Prophet meditated in the cave at the summit of the mountain.

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Mount Hira

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(in Islam) the archangel who revealed the Koran to the Prophet Muhammad.

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Gabriel

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the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic. consists of 114 units of varying lengths, known as suras

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Quran

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Usually translated as “verse” or “sign.” Refers to divisions within surahs (chapters) of the Quran. Also used within Quranic texts to refer to evidence of God in nature, miracles confirming truth of prophetic message, revealed messages in general, or a fundamental point within a surah.

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Ayat

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Usually translated as “chapter.” The Quran is divided into 114 of these, arranged by descending length rather than chronological order. These were divided by early commentators into the Meccan and Medinan periods of Muhammad's ministry. The Meccan chapters are broadly universal, while the Medinan chapters were often revealed in response to specific situations faced by the early Muslim community.

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Surah

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Migration or withdrawal. Typically refers to the migration of Muhammad and his Companions from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E., the first year in the Islamic calendar. Symbolizes the willingness to suffer for faith and the refusal to lose hope in the face of persecution.

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Hijrah

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Second holiest city of Islam, to which Muhammad and early followers emigrated (hijrah) in 622 when persecuted by Meccans, and Muhammad's burial site. Originally known as Yathrib, it changed its name to “City of the Prophet” (madinat al-nabi). Place where Muhammad began to set the course for Islam to develop into a religious and political society;

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Medina

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Term adopted by dynastic rulers of the Muslim world, referring to the successor to the Prophet Muhammad as the political-military ruler of Muslim community.

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caliph

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First Sunni caliph of Islam 632 – 4 , and a close companion of Muhammad.

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Abu Bakr

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Second Caliph, or ruler, of Islam. He was converted to Islam in 618, and became a counsellor of Muhammad. In 632, he chose the first caliph, Abu Bakr, and succeeded him in 634. Under his rule, Islam spread by conquest into Syria, Egypt, and Iran, and the foundations of an administrative empire were laid.

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Omar

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one of the two main branches of Islam, commonly described as orthodox, acceptance of the first three caliphs.

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Sunnite Islam

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one of the two main branches of Islam, followed by about a tenth of Muslims, especially in Iran, that rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor

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Shiite Islam

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a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad which, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna), constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Koran

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Hadith

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the traditional portion of Muslim law based on Muhammad's words or acts, accepted (together with the Koran) as authoritative by Muslims and followed particularly by Sunni Muslims.

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Sunna

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the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.

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Islam

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a follower of the religion of Islam

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Muslim

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the defining doctrine of Islam. It declares absolute monotheism—the unity and uniqueness of God as creator and sustainer of the universe.

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Tawhid

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what are the 5 pillars of Islam?

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the five duties expected of every Muslim:
1. profession of the faith in a prescribed form
2. observance of ritual prayer
3. giving alms to the poor
4. fasting during the month of Ramadan
5. performing a pilgrimage to Mecca.

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Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking

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Shariah

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the theory or philosophy of Islamic law, based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet.

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Fiqh

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a body of Muslim scholars who are recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology. • a member of such a body.

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Ulema

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a Muslim legal expert who is empowered to give rulings on religious matters. Recorded from the late 16th century

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Mufti

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Food conforming to the Islamic (Muslim) dietary laws. Meat from permitted animals (in general grazing animals with cloven hooves, and thus excluding pig meat) and birds (excluding birds of prey).

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Halal food

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(among Muslims) a war or struggle against unbelievers. • ( greater jihad ) Islam the spiritual struggle within oneself against sin.

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Jihad

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a Muslim place of worship. consist of an area reserved for communal prayers, frequently in a domed building with a minaret, and with a niche (mihrab) or other structure indicating the direction of Mecca.

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mosque/ Masjid

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a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, towards which the congregation faces to pray

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mihrab

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a slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

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minaret

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a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque.

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muezzin

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The Muslim word for faith and trust in Allah , and in the Prophet Muhammad , and hence in the content of his message.

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Iman

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Tenth day of the Muslim month of Muharram. Commemoration of the martyrdom in 680 of Husayn, Muhammad's grandson and the third imam of Shii Islam. Shii communities annually reenact the tragedy in a passion play, including self-mortification and displays of sorrow and remorse intended to unite them in Husayn's suffering and death as an aid to salvation on the Day of Judgment.

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Ashura

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the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from dawn to sunset.

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Ramadan

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Feast of the Breaking of the Fast. Also known as Lesser Bayram. Celebrated at the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting. Begins upon sighting of the crescent moon and lasts for three days.

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Id al-Fitr

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Feast of the Sacrifice. Also known as Greater Bayram. Celebrated at the end of the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the month of pilgrimage.

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Id al-Adha

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the greater Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, which takes place in the last month of the year and which all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime if they can afford to do so.

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Hajj/ Hayy

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the whole community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion.

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Ummah

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Quranic term referring to Jews, Christians, and Sabaeans as possessors of books previously revealed by God

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People of the Book/ Ahl al-kitab

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The miraculous journey of the Prophet Muammad from Mecca to Jerusalem. Qur'n 17.1 is taken as a reference to this journey,

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P. Muhammad's Night Journey (al-isra)

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The ascension of Muammad to heaven on a night journey, which becomes connected to the night journey to Jerusalem

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P. Muhammad's Ascension (al-miraj)

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The Muslim mosque built in the 7th cent. CE , on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (al-Quds). It is the mosque associated with the Night Journey ( isr' ) and the Ascent ( mi'rj ) of Muammad

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Al-Aqsa

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the esoteric dimension of the Islamic faith, the spiritual path to mystical union with God.

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Sufism

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(in the Bible) a priest and king of Salem (which is usually identified with Jerusalem). He was revered by Abraham, who paid tithes to him (Gen. 14:18).

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Melchizedek

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The second king of Israel (tenth century BCE ) whose story is told in the biblical book of Samuel and whose descendants reigned successively for the four centuries until the Babylonian exile. who made it the capital of the Jewish state

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David

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, son of David, king of ancient Israel c. 970 – c. 930 bc; built the 1st temple

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Solomon

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(late 8th–early 7th c. BC) king of Judah (c.715–c.686 BC), noted for his religious reforms. praised for his policy of closing the ‘high places’ in favour of centralized worship in the Temple.

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Hezekiah

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Second and greatest king of the Chaldaean (New Babylonian) Empire ( r. 605 – 562 bc ) who changed the political map of the ancient Middle East. He subjugated Syria and Palestine but was himself defeated by Egyptian forces in 601 bc .

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Nebuchadnezzer

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a Jewish priest and scribe who played a central part in the reform of Judaism in the 5th or 4th century BC, continuing the work of Nehemiah and forbidding mixed marriages.

• a book of the Bible telling of him, the return of the Jews from Babylon, and the rebuilding of the Temple

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Ezra

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( c. 74 – 4 bc ), ruled 37–4 BC. According to the New Testament, Jesus was born during his reign, and he ordered the massacre of the innocents ; rebuilt the temple

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Herod the Great

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the central figure of the Christian religion. conducted a mission of preaching and healing (with reported miracles) in Palestine in about AD 28–30, which is described in the Gospels, as are his arrest, death by crucifixion, and Resurrection

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Jesus

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(AD 39–81), Roman emperor 79–81, son of Vespasian; . In 70 he ended a revolt in Judaea with the conquest of Jerusalem. destroyed the 2nd temple

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Titus

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refounded Jerusalem as a Gentile city (AD 135) under the name of Aelia Capitolina, destroyed again by the Persians in 614,

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Hadrian

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the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987 .

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intifada

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a war in the Middle East that started during the Yom Kippur holiday in 1973 when combined forces from Egypt and Syria attacked Israel with the aim of regaining territory lost to Israel in 1967 .

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Yom Kippur War

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a war, 5– 10 June 1967 , in which Israel occupied Sinai, the Old City of Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights and defeated an Egyptian, Jordanian, and Syrian alliance. Arab name June War

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Six Day war

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what the palestinians call their catastrophe of near-cosmic proportions. how the numbers of palestinians in Israel began decreasing to that of Jews

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al- nakhbah

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a treaty ( not formally ratified) passed by the British government that promised that the holy places would remain under the control of an índependent soveriegn Muslim state

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McMahon Pledge

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the leader of the British army that took Gaza and Jerusalem after the fall of the Ottoman empire in 1917

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Edward Allenby

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a sultan of the ottoman empire (1520-66) that fought wars in Europe, expanded the empire to the west, and concentrated on internal development in Jerusalem. helped bring a cultural revival in Jerusalem. rebuilt the current city walls in Jerusalem 1536

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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set off on the First Crusade in 1096 and led the assault which captured Jerusalem in 1099 . He was elected first Christian ruler of the city

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Godfrey of Bouillon

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( c. 1138 – 93 ), a Kurd who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt. He was established as caliph there in 1171. He then besieged and captured Acre and Jerusalem ( Oct. 1187

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Saladin , Salah ed-Din

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the 6th fatimid caliph in 996; persecuted the Christians (destruction of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem in 1009) and the Jews, banned alcohol and forbade women to go out in public.

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Al Hakim

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Umayyad caliph (691–692 C.E.), who built the Dome of the Rock

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'Abd al-Malik

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He was the first Roman emperor to be converted to Christianity and in 324 made Christianity a state religion.

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Constantine

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the year that Israel officially became a Jewish state

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1948

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c. 570 – 632 ), Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c. 610 in Mecca he received the first of a series of revelations which, as the Koran, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam

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Muhammad

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Second Caliph , or ruler, of Islam . He was converted to Islam in 618 , and became a counsellor of Muhammad

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Omar

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(1917) Letter written by British foreign minister Arthur Balfour to the British Zionist Federation pledging support for the settlement of Jews in Palestine. Jews were admitted to the area when it became a British mandated territory after World War 1

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Balfour Declaration

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Israel was born on 15 May 1948 as the daughter of European nationalism of the nineteenth century

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Independence of Israel