Jeremiah's Attempt To Study Greek Again Part 2

Front 1

What is a pronoun?

Back 1

Its a word that replaces a noun

Front 2

What is a personal pronoun?

Back 2

It is a pronoun that replaces a noun referring to a person

Front 3

What was an old english way of distinguishing between second person plural and second person singular?

Back 3

Thou (singular) and Ye (plural)

Front 4

What makes first and second person pronouns different from third person pronouns?

Back 4

the first and second person pronouns don't have gender

Front 5

What are the emphatic forms of the first and second person pronouns?

Back 5

They are an added epsilon or accent to create a greater degree of contrast between between one person and another

Front 6

When asked to parse a first or second personal pronoun what should you list?

Back 6

Case, number, person (not gender) lexical form, and inflected meaning

Front 7

What is a consonantal iota stem?

Back 7

There used to be a letter called a consonantal iota, which is now replaced by an iota or epsilon.

Front 8

What are the rules for whether you use an epsilon or iota in a consonantal iota stem?

Back 8

If the case ending begins with a vowel, the final stem is an epsilon. If the case ending begins with a consonant, then the final stem vowel is an iota. But in the dative plural an epsilon precedes a sigma.

Front 9

What is one truth about all nouns with stems that end in consonantal iotas?

Back 9

They are feminine

Front 10

What type of adjectives does αὐτός follow?

Back 10

2-1-2 adjectives

Front 11

What form does αὑτός follow in the feminine singular in terms of alpha or eta?

Back 11

they are all etas

Front 12

What is different about the neuter nominative and accusative singular αὐτός in terms of case ending?

Back 12

It does not take one. It follows the same pattern as the definite article τό

Front 13

In terms of breathing, what is the characteristics of αὐτός?

Back 13

It always has a smooth breathing.

Front 14

How many uses does αὐτός have?

Back 14

Three uses.

Front 15

What are the three uses of αὐτός?

Back 15

Personal pronoun, adjectival intensive, and identical adjective

Front 16

What is the 'Personal Pronoun' use of αὐτός?

Back 16

It functions as a third person personal pronoun. This is by far its most common use.

Front 17

If the antecedent is not a personal noun, then how does αὐτός function?

Back 17

It follows grammatical gender rules. Thus if the antecedent is 'world' in greek, which is a masculine noun, then you will use a masculine pronoun.

Front 18

What is the 'Adjectival Intensive' use of αὐτός?

Back 18

Here the word functions intensively and is used adjectivally. In this case translate the with a reflexive pronoun (himself, herself, itself etc) αὐτὸ τὸ δῶρον would be "the gift itself"

Front 19

How is the word αὐτός different in the adjectival form than other adjectives?

Back 19

Other adjectives, when they are in the predicate position, require one to add the verb 'to be', however when αὐτός is in this position it modifies the noun adjectivally even though it does not begin with an article

Front 20

What is the 'Identical Adjective' use of αὐτός?

Back 20

This usage conveys the meaning of the adjective 'same'. And the αὐτός here is normally found in the attributive position - though not always.

Front 21

What are the three characteristics of the form of the Greek demonstrative pronouns?

Back 21

1. The neuter singular nominative and accusative do not use a case ending (like the article and αὐτός) 2. οὗτος always beings with a rough breathing or Tau (this is important in distinguishing fem demons from fem 3per pron. 3. The first stem vowel used in οὗτος depends on the final stem vowel.

Front 22

What Characteristic do demonstratives have if they are in the adjectival function?

Back 22

It will occur in the predicate position, thought it functions as an adjective (this is similar to αὐτός and πᾶς

Front 23

What are the 4 rules regarding the vocative?

Back 23

1. In the plural, the vocative is always identical to the nominative plural. 2. In the singular first declension, the vocative is the same as the nominative. 3. In the singular second declension, the vocative ending is usually epsilon. 4. In the singular third declension, the vocative is usually the bare stem of the word, sometimes with the stem vowel being changed (ablaut)

Front 24

What are the three degrees of an adjective?

Back 24

the 'positive' degree (large), the 'comparative' degree (larger), and the 'superlative' degree (largest)

Front 25

What is something interesting that was happening to the Degrees of Adjectives in Koine Greek?

Back 25

The superlative was dying out, and its functions being assumed by the comparative. So context is key for understanding if a word is a comparative or is meant to be a superlative.

Front 26

What is it called when two words combine together to form one word?

Back 26

crasis

Front 27

What is the difference between tense and time?

Back 27

time describes 'when' the action occurs while tense refers to the form of the verb (present, future, aorist)

Front 28

What is 'aspect'

Back 28

Greek verbs do not tell when the action of the verb takes place, but rather the aspect describes what type of action takes place

Front 29

How many aspects are there in greek?

Back 29

3

Front 30

What is the 'continuous' aspect in greek verbs

Back 30

the action of the verb is thought of as an ongoing process. This is like the english continuous aspect. "I am eating."

Front 31

What is the 'undefined' aspect in greek verbs?

Back 31

this means that the action of the verb is thought of as a 'simple event', without commenting on whether or not it is a process. "I ate"

Front 32

What do you do when you parse a greek verb?

Back 32

person; number; tense; voice; mood; lexical form; definition of inflected form

Front 33

What is the lexical form of a greek verb?

Back 33

first person singular, present indicative.

Front 34

What are contract verbs?

Back 34

verbs whose stems end in alpha, epsilon, or omicron.

Front 35

In terms of contract vowels ου is formed from what?

Back 35

εο οε and οο

Front 36

In terms of contract vowels ει is formed from what?

Back 36

εε

Front 37

In terms of contract vowels what is ω formed from?

Back 37

almost any combination of omicron or omega with any other vowel, except for rule #1 (which is concerning εο οε οο all equalling ου)

Front 38

In terms of contract vowels what is α formed from?

Back 38

αε

Front 39

In terms of contract vowels what is η formed from?

Back 39

εα

Front 40

What is the relationship between αε and εα?

Back 40

The first one wins!! Thus if alpha is first, they form a long alpha. If the epsilon is first, they form an eta (which you can think of as being a long epsilon)

Front 41

In terms of contract vowels how is οι formed?

Back 41

οει

Front 42

What are the two rules that govern the contraction of diphthongs?

Back 42

If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthong are the same, they simplify (ie, one of the double letters drops off) . If the contract vowel and the first vowel of the diphthong are different, they contract. And if the second vowel of the diphthong is an iota, it subscripts if possible, if it is an upsilon it drops off.

Front 43

How do you know if a word is a deponent or not?

Back 43

If the word is passive in its lexical form then it is deponent, if it is active then it is not deponent.

Front 44

In the present tense how are the middle and passive voices related in terms of form?

Back 44

They are identical in terms of form

Front 45

of all the greek tenses which has the strongest emphasis on time?

Back 45

the future.

Front 46

What happens to contract vowels if they don't come into contact with another vowel such as in the future tense where a sigma is added before the connecting vowel?

Back 46

The contract vowel lengthens before a tense formative. Alpha and epsilon both lengthen to eta, while omicron lengthens to omega.

Front 47

If a contract vowel lengthens what happens to an accent in the verb?

Back 47

It is always over the lengthened contract vowel.

Front 48

present tense stems that end in ιζω or αζω have what kind of roots?

Back 48

generally they end in a dental

Front 49

present tense stems that end in ασσω have what kind of roots?

Back 49

they generally end in a velar

Front 50

Present tense stems that have a double consonant usually have what type of root stems?

Back 50

ones that are a single consonant instead of two (exception being stems which end in ασσω)

Front 51

How do some roots create the present tense by adding a letter? (NOT double consonants)

Back 51

Some roots add an iota to make the present such as αἴρω.

Some roots add σκ or ισκ to form the present tense ἀποθαν becomes ἀποθνῄσκω

Front 52

Which greek consonants are 'liquids'?

Back 52

λ μ ν and ρ

Front 53

What is the difference between primary and secondary endings?

Back 53

The primary tenses are defined as those that do not use the augment, and the secondary tenses are those that do use the augment.