Jennifer's A&p 1 Test Three

Front 1

The functions of muscles are

Back 1

-movement/locomotion (internal and external)
-they help stabilize body positions
-thermoregulation

Front 2

whenever a muscle cell contracts it generates...

Back 2

heat

Front 3

in goosebumps the ____________ are contracting and relaxing so they can provide warmtht othe body

Back 3

arrector pili muscles

Front 4

Muscles should make up ________ of your body weight

Back 4

40-50%

Front 5

The three fundamental ways that muscle tissue types differ

Back 5

Microscopic anatomy
Location
How they are controlled

Front 6

The three ways that muscles are told to contract...

Back 6

nerves
hormonal
autorhythmically

Front 7

Muscles that control their own contractions are said to be

Back 7

autorhythmic

Front 8

Three types of muscle cells

Back 8

skeletal
smooth
-visceral
-multiunit
cardiac

Front 9

characteristics of skeletal muscle

Back 9

attached to the bones of the moving skeleton (mostly arms and legs), considered voluntary, elongated (often called muscle fibers instead of cells), and striated (light and dark bands)

Front 10

contractile units of myofibrils

Back 10

sarcomeres

Front 11

general chacteristics of both smooth muscle types

Back 11

primarily involuntary and no striations

Front 12

characteristics of visceral smooth muscle

Back 12

lines the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

Front 13

facts pertaining to multiunit smooth muscle

Back 13

includes arrector pili muscles and the muscles that control the opening and closing of the pupil (the iris is a multiunit smooth muscle)

Front 14

cardiac muscle facts

Back 14

exclusively makes up the heart, involuntary, elongated and highly branched, autorhythmic, have intercalated discs (thickening of the membrane between cells that contain gap junctions)

Front 15

what allows the current from the SA node to reach all the heart muscles at the same time in the atria and then the ventricles

Back 15

gap junctions

Front 16

the membrane of muscle cells are made up of_____________________

Back 16

a phospholipid bilayer

Front 17

what 4 things do phospholipids allow to pass through them

Back 17

water
carbon dioxide
oxygen
small lipids

Front 18

since charged particles do not readily pass through muscle cell membranes, what has to happen to get it through

Back 18

a protein doorway has to be opened

Front 19

muscle cells will always be more _______ inside and more_______ outside.

Back 19

negative inside
positive outside

Front 20

the most abundant ion outside a muscle cell is

Back 20

Na+

Front 21

whenever a cell has a difference in charge across its membrane we say the cell has_________________

Back 21

membrane potential

Front 22

the movement of charged particles(ions) is an

Back 22

electrical current

Front 23

a cell with a difference in charge has...

Back 23

membrane potential

Front 24

what needs to happen in order for the sodium ions to get into the cell

Back 24

a sodium ion channel needs to be opened on the membrane

Front 25

whenever anything goes from a very high concentration to a low concentration __________ is generated

Back 25

Energy

Front 26

when sodium ions fly into the cell________ is generated

Back 26

energy because the Na+ is going from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Front 27

the rolling open of sodium ion channels from the E that is created from the initial sodium ion channel being opened is called

Back 27

action potential

Front 28

E is self perpetuated after

Back 28

the first sodium ion channel has been opened

Front 29

The rolling open of the sodium ion channels around a muscle cell membrane is called an

Back 29

action potential

Front 30

what causes a muscle cell to contract

Back 30

the action potential running around the muscle cell

Front 31

no membrane potential equals

Back 31

no action potential

Front 32

what opens the first sodium ion channel

Back 32

sometimes by a nerve or a hormone, and sometimes it can open all by itself because it is autorhythmic

Front 33

the first sodium ion channel in skeletal muscle is typically opened via

Back 33

a nerve

Front 34

the first sodium ion channel in multiunit smooth muscle is always open with

Back 34

a nerve

Front 35

the first sodium ion channel in cardiac muscle is opened

Back 35

autorhythmically
they open their own

Front 36

the first sodium ion channel in visceral smooth is typically opened

Back 36

autorythmically or hormonally

Front 37

the question...how does a muscle control its contraction means...

Back 37

how do they open their first sodium ion channel to start their action potential

Front 38

a muscle cell with contract forcefully in response to an action potential is

Back 38

contractility

Front 39

two types of contractility

Back 39

isotonic and isometric

Front 40

when muscles contract and they shorten it is called

Back 40

isotonic contractility

Front 41

when muscles contract and they become tense without shortening it is called

Back 41

isometric contractility

Front 42

when a muscle can be streched be without damaging it that is called

Back 42

extensibility

Front 43

whenver you shorten one muscle you have to _____________ another to accomodate the shortening of the first

Back 43

stretch

Front 44

the ability of a muscle to return back to its original shape after it has been streched is referred to as

Back 44

elasticity

Front 45

4 important properties of muscle tissue

Back 45

electrically excitable
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

Front 46

name the strongest contraction possible

Back 46

complete or fused tetanus

Front 47

two ways muscle contractions are controlled

Back 47

number and size of motor units recruited (how many individual muscle cells are cntracted) and the frequency of stimulation

Front 48

3 special ways ATP is used in muscle cells

Back 48

repolarizing the cell (pumping Ca+ out of the cell) to restore membrane potential

activating myacin heads

pushing Ca+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 49

true or false
perimysium CT wrappings surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibers

Back 49

true

Front 50

the muscle cell membrane is referred to as the

Back 50

sarcolemma

Front 51

the sarcoplasmic reticulum houses what type of ion

Back 51

Ca

Front 52

name the contractile proteins of the sarcomere

Back 52

actin and myocin

Front 53

what is the function of calcium ions in a muscle cell contraction

Back 53

releases troponin

Front 54

CT wrapping around individual muscle cells

Back 54

endomysium

Front 55

name given to the muscle cell membrane

Back 55

sarcolemma

Front 56

communication between a neuron and another cell is called a

Back 56

synapse

Front 57

protein making up the thin filaments of sarcomeres

Back 57

actin

Front 58

during a twitch contraction the period of time when the muscle cell cannot receive another stimulus from a neuron if referred to as the

Back 58

refractory period

Front 59

the strenght of a muscle contraction is controlled by

Back 59

the number of motor units recruited and the frequency of stimulation

Front 60

a bundle of muscle cells wrapped with the perimysium CT layer

Back 60

fascicle

Front 61

true or false
perimysium CT wrapping surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibers

Back 61

true

Front 62

CT wrapping that surrounds the whole muscle

Back 62

epimysium

Front 63

a bundle of muscle cells wrapped with the perimysium CT layer

Back 63

fascicle

Front 64

CT wrapping around individual muscle cells

Back 64

endomysium

Front 65

chemical housed within the synaptic vesicles of the neuron synaptic end bulb

Back 65

neurotransmitters

Front 66

the muscle cell membrane is referred to as the

Back 66

sarcolemma

Front 67

function of calcium ions in a muscle contraction

Back 67

release troponin

Front 68

protein making up the thick filaments within sarcomeres

Back 68

myosin

Front 69

protein making up the thin filaments of sarcomeres

Back 69

actin

Front 70

oxygen-binding protein found within muscle cells

Back 70

Myoglobin

Front 71

a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it associates with

Back 71

Motor Unit

Front 72

tracing of the response of a muscle cell to an electrical current during one contraction

Back 72

Twitch Contraction

Front 73

thickening of the sarcolemma between cardiac muscle cells that contain gap junctions

Back 73

Intercalated Discs

Front 74

protein making up the "M" line within sarcomeres

Back 74

Myomesin

Front 75

phosphate-binding protein within muscle cells

Back 75

Creatine

Front 76

membraneous tube within muscle cells that houses calcium ions and is comparable to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cel

Back 76

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Front 77

enzyme that shuttles phosphate groups between creatine and ADP within muscle cells

Back 77

Creatine Kinase

Front 78

a bundle of muscle cells wrapped with the perimysium connective tissue layer

Back 78

Fascicle

Front 79

contractile units of myofibrils

Back 79

Sarcomeres

Front 80

connective tissue wrapping around bundles of 10 - 100 muscle cells

Back 80

Perimysium

Front 81

connective tissue wrapping around individual muscle cells

Back 81

Endomysium

Front 82

immature muscle cell

Back 82

Myoblast

Front 83

connective tissue wrapping that surrounds the whole muscle

Back 83

Epimysium

Front 84

protein that secures the tropomyosin around the thin filaments in a relaxed sarcomere

Back 84

Troponin

Front 85

name given to the muscle cell membrane

Back 85

Sarcolemma

Front 86

name given to the cytoplasm of muscle cells

Back 86

Sarcoplasm

Front 87

middle primary germ layer from which muscle cells are derived

Back 87

Mesoderm

Front 88

protein wrapping around the thin filaments in a relaxed sarcomere

Back 88

Tropomyosin

Front 89

another name for a muscle cell

Back 89

Muscle Fiber

Front 90

contractile units of myofibrils

Back 90

sarcomeres

Front 91

enzyme that shuttles phosphate groups between creatine and ADP within muscle cells

Back 91

creatine kinase

Front 92

a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it associates with

Back 92

motor unit

Front 93

a bundle of muscle cells wrapped with the perimysium CT layer

Back 93

fascicle

Front 94

CT wrapping that surrounds the whole muscle

Back 94

epimysium

Front 95

protein making up the M line within sarcomeres

Back 95

myomesin

Front 96

phosphate-binding protein within muscle cells

Back 96

creatine

Front 97

the quickest way to make ATP is

Back 97

for creatine kinase to make ATP out of ADP

Front 98

how long does the energy last made from ADP to ATP

Back 98

15-30 seconds

Front 99

what does creatine kinase do with the extra phosphate from ATP when it turns it into ADP

Back 99

connects it to creatine to make creatine phosphate

Front 100

how long does the energy last from glycolosis

Back 100

25-30 sec

Front 101

excess intake of oxygen following a strenuous activity is referred to as

Back 101

oxygen debt

Front 102

since smooth muscles do not have striations...what do they have

Back 102

dense bodies

Front 103

what are dense bodies associated with

Back 103

the membrane as well as the body of the smooth muscle cell

Front 104

what type of filaments do smooth muscles have

Back 104

intermediate

Front 105

what do the intermediate filaments in smooth muscles attach to

Back 105

the dense bodies

Front 106

where do dense bodies in smooth muscles pull

Back 106

to one another

Front 107

how do smooth muscles contract v/s skeletal and cardiac

Back 107

smooth muscle has a corkscrew effect or curls/coils and then relaxes