Jennifer's A&p 1 Test Five

Front 1

where does the sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit from between

Back 1

T1 and L2

Front 2

True or False

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons and typically short and stop right outside the spinal cord

Back 2

True

Front 3

where does the preganglionic neurons meet up with the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system

Back 3

in sympathetic trunk or chain ganglions

Front 4

True or False

The postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system is very long and takes the information all the way to the organ

Back 4

true

Front 5

sympathetic nervous system speeds up all organs except

Back 5

digestive and urinary

Front 6

parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurons exit the CNS where

Back 6

brain stem and between S2 and S4

Front 7

True or False

parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurons tend to be long and meet up with the postganglionic neurons in the wall of the organ

Back 7

True

Front 8

The structure in the wall of the organ where the pre and post-ganglionic neurons (that are very short) meet up is called the

Back 8

terminal ganglions

Front 9

True or False

the parasympathetic neurons speed up digestive and urinary systems and slow down all other systems

Back 9

true

Front 10

dual innervation is used to describe

Back 10

when an organ has two distinct nerve branches going to it

Front 11

The four distinct groups of neurons are

Back 11

1)Sympathetic preganglionic
2) sympathetic postganglionic
3)parasympathetic preganglionic
4)parasympathetic postganglionic

Front 12

the four distinct groups of neurons are classified as either being

Back 12

cholinergic or adrenergic

and it depends on what kind of neurotransmitter they carry

Front 13

what neurotransmitter does cholinergic neurons carry

Back 13

acetycholine

(choline is in both names)

Front 14

what neurotransmitter does adrenergic neurons carry

Back 14

norepinephrine

also known as adrenaline...

(adren in both names)

Front 15

out of the 4 groups of neurons which one tends to be adrenergic

Back 15

ONLY group 2...sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic...wanting to speed up the major organs...which is what adrenaline does, speeds things up

all others are cholinergic wanting to slow the major organs down

Front 16

the special senses are

Back 16

smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and sight

Front 17

True or False

touch is no longer classified as a special sense, it is classified as a general sense

Back 17

True

Front 18

special senses have special neurons that are

Back 18

bipolar

Front 19

facts about the olfactory region

Back 19

located in the superior region of the nasal cavity...there are specialized epithelial cells that make the olfactory region up. These epithelial cells have special bipolar neurons associated with them. They respond to chemicles in the air we breathe.

*Any neuron that responds to chemicles can be generally classified as chemoreceptors

Front 20

neurons that respond to chemicles are

Back 20

chemoreceptors

Front 21

just above the spenoid bone is the ethmoid bone...the ethmoid bone sits right above the nose. The ethnoid bone has a perpendicular plate that comes down to the top of the nose and the cribaform plate is the base of it. In the center of the criabform plate sticking up is the crysta galli. On the cribaform plate are little holes called what?

Back 21

olfactory foramen

Front 22

chemoreceptors (bipolar neurons that respond to chemicals) in the olfactory region exit up through the holes in the cribaform plate (olfactory foramen) and connect up to the olfactory nerve which then takes the information to

Back 22

brodmanns area within the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe where the smell is analyzed.

Front 23

the special neurons that associate with the cells in our nose and exit through the holes in the cribaform plate have...

Back 23

olfactory fatique...they will respond to the smell and then will stop sending information to the brain after a few times

Front 24

gustatory is the real word for

Back 24

taste

Front 25

the bumps on our tongue is called

Back 25

papillae

Front 26

special little nerves associated with the papillae are

Back 26

taste buds

Front 27

the taste bud nerves are

Back 27

chemoreceptors

Front 28

in order for us to have proper taste we must have 2 things

Back 28

1)food must be partially dissolved
2) you must have olfactory input

Front 29

4 things we can taste

Back 29

sweet
sour
salty
bitter

Front 30

understand that hot spicy foods actually stimulate

Back 30

pain receptors

Front 31

the ear is divided into 3 main

Back 31

1)external ear
2)middle ear
3)inner ear

Front 32

the external ear is composed of the

Back 32

pinna and the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane

Front 33

the middle ear is on the opposite side of the tympanic membrane and includes two things

Back 33

1) ear ossicles-3 bones (maleous, incus, stapes)

2) eustachian tube

Front 34

the eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat and it's job is to

Back 34

keep the fluid drained out of the middle ear

Front 35

if fluid builds up in the middle ear the back of the tympanic membrane gets put under pressure and that puts the tympanic membrane at risk for

Back 35

rupture

Front 36

the inner ear consists of

Back 36

cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule,

Front 37

your stapes connects to the

Back 37

cochlea (snail shaped)

Front 38

what is the opening that leads into the cochlea from the stapes

Back 38

the oval window

Front 39

associated with the bottom of the vestibule is another hole called the

Back 39

the round window

Front 40

2 things the ear is responsible for

Back 40

hearing and equilibrium

Front 41

how does hearing flow throught the ear

Back 41

sound waves are funneled into the ear by the pinna into the external auditory canal which then vibrates the tympanic membrane and then the malleus the incus and stapes. The sound waves then enter the cochlea which then has the cochlear nerve which carries the information out to the brain to be analyzed. The sound waves then exit out hthe round window.

Front 42

the round window is necessary for the sound waves to exit out because

Back 42

the nerves do not have a fatigue property and the sound wave will continue on and there would be echoing

Front 43

2 kinds of equilibrium

Back 43

static and dynamic

Front 44

static equilibrium is

Back 44

when you are standing still

Front 45

dynamic equilibrium is

Back 45

when your head is in motion

Front 46

the semicircular canals contain nerves that detect

Back 46

dynamic equilibrium

Front 47

the vestibule contains the nerves that detect

Back 47

static equilibrium

Front 48

the actual nerve that carries the information about equilibrium is the

Back 48

vestibular nerve

Front 49

the cochlear nerve carries information about

Back 49

sound

Front 50

where the vestibular nerve and choclear nerve bundle together it is called the

Back 50

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 51

what are the 3 layers that the eyeball is comprised of called

Back 51

tunics

Front 52

the outer most tunic consists of a fiberous white tough tissue called

Back 52

scelera

Front 53

the clear part of the front of your eye is called

Back 53

cornea

Front 54

behind the cornea is the hole called the

Back 54

pupil

Front 55

the outer most tunic consists of

Back 55

scelera
cornea
pupil

Front 56

the middle tunic consists of

Back 56

a dark brown layer called the coroid

Front 57

2 jobs of the coroid

Back 57

1) due to it being highly vascular it provides nutrients to the other eye structures

2) it absorbs already seen light rays...the eye nerves have no fatigue propertis

Front 58

the colored part of the eye is the

Back 58

iris

the iris is a muscle that controls the size of the pupil

Front 59

directly behind the pupil is the

Back 59

lens

Front 60

another muscle that is kinda circular that surrounds the lens and controls the size of the lens is called

Back 60

ciliary body

Front 61

f

Back 61

f

Front 62

the inside layer is called

Back 62

the retina

Front 63

associated with the retina are special neurons called

Back 63

rods and cones

Front 64

rods are our __________neurons...photo detectors...photo receptors

Back 64

low light

when you are using them you can only ssee crude images not crisp clear images...cannot see colors with rods

Front 65

cones are our ____________ photo receptors

Back 65

sharper image-high light-color

Front 66

if you were to cut your eye in half going straight through the pupil to the back at the retina that spot is called

Back 66

macula lutea

this is where you have your best visual acuity...that is where you can see your best

there is a tremendous amount of photo receptors like rods and cones in this area and they are located elsewhere for your peripheral vision

Front 67

peripheral vision is

Back 67

protective

Front 68

offset from the macula lutea is the

Back 68

optic disk...your blind spot

Front 69

coming off the optic disk is the

Back 69

optic nerve which carries information to the brain

Front 70

the back part of the eye is filled with a gelatinous fluid that is called

Back 70

vitreous humor and vitreous body

Front 71

the front part of the eye is filled with

Back 71

aqueous humor

Front 72

when light hits any object there are many options for what can happen to the light what are they

Back 72

1) the object can absorb it and then you get heat

2) the object can reflect it back...it hits and go backwards

3) it can go through the object

Front 73

as light rays goes through an object it will always

Back 73

bend

Front 74

what is it called when light rays go through an object and bend

Back 74

refraction

Front 75

as light rays comes through the eye and bends, about 60% of the refraction is bent back or corrected by the

Back 75

cornea

Front 76

what is it called when the lens corrects about 40% of the remaining refraction by changing shape

Back 76

accomodation

this is just the lens part correcting the refraction

Front 77

glaucoma is a build up aqueous humor in the front of the eye that causes

Back 77

increased pressure inside the eye cavity

Front 78

when the lens of the eye goes cloudy this is called

Back 78

cataracts

Front 79

job of the endocrine system

Back 79

control homeostasis

Front 80

the other system that the endocrine sstem works with

Back 80

nervous system

Front 81

the endocrine system uses little chemicles called

Back 81

hormones

Front 82

the nervous system uses

Back 82

electricle impulses

Front 83

compared to the electricle impulses of the nervous system, the hormones of the endocrine system

Back 83

are slower to act and last longer

Front 84

the endocrine system is made up of a collection of

Back 84

glands

Front 85

glands are little structures that are made up of

Back 85

cells

Front 86

the cells making up each individual gland make and secrete a specific product called

Back 86

hormones

Front 87

the glands on top of your kidneys

Back 87

adrenal

Front 88

True or false

endocrine do NOT have ducts

Back 88

true

Front 89

when the endocrine glands release hormones they just get released into the environment and the

Back 89

blood picks it up and transports it to the target cells with the exception of paracrine and autocrine glands

Front 90

paracrine secretion is when an endocrine gland cell makes a hormone but the hormone doesn't get picked up by the blood, it

Back 90

goes to a neighboring cell and influences it that way

Front 91

a hormone will be called paracrine rather than endocrine if the hormone

Back 91

doesn't go into the blood

Front 92

autocrine gland cells make hormones that acts on themselves as a way of a

Back 92

regulatory mechanism

Front 93

pheromones are released

Back 93

into the environment and influence the activity of another individual.

Front 94

4 chemical division of hormones

Back 94

1) proteins
2) peptide (small string of amino acid)
3) biogenic amines (a modified tyrosine)
4) lipids

Front 95

an example of a protein hormone

Back 95

insulin

Front 96

an example of a peptide

Back 96

oxytocin

Front 97

an example of a biogenic amine or a modified tyrosine

Back 97

T3 andT4

Front 98

an example of a lipid

Back 98

testosterone and estrogen

Front 99

Chaperone Proteins are proteins that pick up hormones as they enter the blood and stay with the hormone as it is transported in the blood...why

Back 99

1) we can keep a consant supply in the blood

2) hides lipids from each other to prevent clots

3) prevent small hormones such as T3 and T4 from being filtered out by the kidneys

Front 100

hormones are released by the glands and then they go and

Back 100

influence a target cell

Front 101

a target cell is

Back 101

the cell that the hormone is supposed to influence, work on, or stimulate

Front 102

some of our cells in our body have receptors that are in the cell membrane called

Back 102

membrane bound receptors

Front 103

the name of receptors that are inside the cell are called

Back 103

intracellular receptors

Front 104

the way hormones know where they are supposed to go is by

Back 104

recognizing various receptors

Front 105

Protein hormones typically recognize and bind

Back 105

membrane bound receptors

Front 106

lipid hormones typically bind

Back 106

intracellular hormones

Front 107

the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems

Back 107

hypothalamus

Front 108

two parts of the pituitary

Back 108

anterior and posterior

Front 109

the special vein running from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary is the

Back 109

portal vein

Front 110

running from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary are

Back 110

neurons

Front 111

the thin stalk that connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus is the

Back 111

infundibulum

Front 112

there are basically _____ ways that hormones are released in the body...what tells them to be made and released

Back 112

four

1) hypothalamus through neurons

2) tropic release

3) by the concentration of another substance (insulin)

4) at the end of a very complex chemical pathway (aldosterone)

Front 113

what is a tropic release

Back 113

when one hormone goes and releases a second hormone