Jennifer's A&p 1 Summer Test Four

Front 1

two systems in our body that control homeostasis

Back 1

nervous and endocrine

and they work together...the one always knows what the other is doing

Front 2

nervous system impulses are

Back 2

electrical

Front 3

endocrine system impulses are

Back 3

chemical and the chemicals are hormones

Front 4

True or False

nervous system actions occur very quickly

and

endocrine actions occur slowly and last longer

Back 4

True

Front 5

master cell of the nervous system

Back 5

neuron

Front 6

the only function of the nervous system

Back 6

to control homeostasis

Front 7

three different groups of neurons that work together to control homeostasis

Back 7

sensory
association
motor

Front 8

Sensory neurons are located where

Back 8

in the periphery...every where in the body except the brain and spinal cord

Front 9

Job of the sensory neurons

Back 9

monitor everything and report the info to the association neurons

Front 10

job of the association neurons

Back 10

receive sensory info
analyze the info
decide on a response

Front 11

location of motor neurons

Back 11

everywhere in the periphery

Front 12

what is the periphery

Back 12

everywhere EXCEPT the brain and spinal cord

Front 13

job of motor neurons

Back 13

carry out the response the assaociatioin neurons decided on

Front 14

True or false

two sets of periphery neurons (sensory and motor) must go through the association neurons otherwise no information will get analyzed in order for a motor respose to get carried out

Back 14

true

Front 15

sensory neurons MUST have a connection through the

Back 15

association neurons

Front 16

the brain and spinal cord make up the

Back 16

CNS-central nervous system

Front 17

Neurons of the CNS

Back 17

association

Front 18

2 groups of neurons that make up the PNS-peripheral nervous system

Back 18

sensory and motor

Front 19

2 sub-groups of PNS

Back 19

somatic (voluntary)
and
autonomic (involuntary)

Front 20

all sensory neurons of the skin belong to the

Back 20

somatic nervous system of the periphery ns

Front 21

the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system are connected to the

Back 21

skeletal muscles

!voluntary!

Front 22

2 sub-divisions of the autonomic NS

Back 22

sympathetic
and
parasympathetic

Front 23

sensory neurons of the somatic NS are going from what part of the bady

Back 23

skin

Front 24

motor neurons of the somatic NS go out to the

Back 24

skeletal muscle

Front 25

sensory neurons of the autonomic NS originate

Back 25

major organs

Front 26

motor neurons of the autonomic NS go out to

Back 26

major organs

Front 27

2 potential branches the motor neurons of the autonomic NS can go out on

Back 27

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 28

T or F

sympathetic and
parasympathetic have opposing effects on the major organs...one always speeds up and the other always slows down

Back 28

True

Front 29

what are neuroglial cells

Back 29

cells of the NS that help the neurons...they are support cells

Front 30

6 different types of neuroglial cells

Back 30

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial
Ependymal
Schwann
Satellite

Front 31

located exclusively in the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

metabolize (make) neurotransmitters

form part of the blood brain barrier

Back 31

astrocyte cells

Front 32

job of the blood brain barrier

Back 32

extra control over what things are allowed to leave the blood and go into the brain

Front 33

the astrocyte cell sitting on the capillaries is

Back 33

the blood brain barrier

Front 34

most common causes of encephalitis

Back 34

mosquito bites and chicken pox

Front 35

exclusively in the CNS

most common of all neuroglial cells

is the mylin sheath for the CNS neurons (the association neurons)

Back 35

Oligodendryte cells

Front 36

exclusively in the CNS

glorified macrophages

our phagocytic cells

Back 36

Microglial cells

Front 37

only in the CNS

make CFS

Back 37

Ependymal cells

Front 38

only in PNS

mylin sheath cells for PNS

Back 38

Schwann cells

Front 39

Only in PNS

surrounds the neuron cell bodies in a ganglion

Back 39

Satellite cells

Front 40

bundle of cell bodies

Back 40

ganglion

Front 41

all neurons have...

Back 41

dendrite, cell body, axon, and an axon terminal

Front 42

the dendrite always

Back 42

receives info...picks up senses

Front 43

the cell body is the...

Back 43

brain of the neuron

Front 44

the axon an axon terminal...

Back 44

communicates with other cells

Front 45

all association and motor neurons are

Back 45

multipolar

Front 46

general sensory neurons are ____________ and only the dendrite is way out in the periphery

Back 46

unipolar

Front 47

the 4 special senses

Back 47

sight
sound
smell
taste

Front 48

the nervous system runs on

Back 48

synapses...communication

Front 49

general sensory neurons are

Back 49

unipolar

Front 50

only the dendrite is out in the periphery with general sensory neurons because

Back 50

it protects the cell body from getting damaged

Front 51

axons of general sensory neurons connect in through the

Back 51

back of the spinal cord

Front 52

whenever you hear that an axon is connecting in through the dorsal root it is refering to what kind of neuron

Back 52

sensory

Front 53

once a sensory neuron is inside the spinal cord it

Back 53

STOPS

Front 54

dorsal root refers to

Back 54

sensory neurons

Front 55

the collection of sensory neuron cell bodies are called

Back 55

dorsal root ganglions

Front 56

once info is passed from sensory to association in spinal cord and sent to brain for analysis...

Back 56

response info will come back down via a another association neuron

Front 57

the motor neurons exit the spinal cord via the

Back 57

ventral root

Front 58

association and motor neurons are found

Back 58

inside the spinal cord

Front 59

cell bodies found inside the spinal cord

Back 59

association and motor

Front 60

cell bodies of the general sensory neurons are found

Back 60

in the dorsal root ganglion tucked up right by the spinal cord

Front 61

sensory neurons MUST go through association neurons (the CNS) because

Back 61

the brain does the analyzing

Front 62

all sensory information must go through the CNS so that it can get

Back 62

analyzed

Front 63

true or false

sensory neurons and motor neurons can connect directly with the CNS through the brain

Back 63

true

Front 64

a nerve contains the axons of several different neurons and they are usual called

Back 64

mixed because they contain several

Front 65

if the nerve connects to the spinal cord it is called a

Back 65

spinal nerve

Front 66

spinal nerves are

Back 66

sensory and motor neurons that connect to the CNS through the spinal cord

Front 67

cranial nerves are

Back 67

sensory and motor neurons that connect directly to the brain are called

Front 68

sensory and motor neurons that connect directly to the brain are called

Back 68

cranial nerves

ie-olfactory, optic,

Front 69

the study of the function of nerves or the nervous system

Back 69

neurophysiology

Front 70

in order to have proper communication between a neuron and another cell what must the receiving cell have

Back 70

membrane potential
and
ion channels

Front 71

a difference in charge across the membrane of a cell

Back 71

membrane potential

Front 72

4 different types of ion channels

Back 72

chemical
voltage
mechanical-vibration
light

Front 73

an ion channel must be opened so that

Back 73

the action potential can start

Front 74

different methods to open ion channels

Back 74

chemical
voltage
mechanical
light

Front 75

unit of the measurement of electrical current in our bodies

Back 75

mV

millivolt

Front 76

the reason why we have negative mV when measuring a resting neurons resting membrane potential

Back 76

because we are measuring the inside of the cell

Front 77

resting membrane potential in a typical neuron is

Back 77

-70 mV
negative 70 millivolts

Front 78

if neuron A is trying to communicate with neuron B the second neuron (the receiving neuron) will have to

Back 78

reach threshold

it must become more positive...sodium ions must enter the cell

Front 79

what is threshold

Back 79

-55 mV
negative 55 millivolts

Front 80

true or false

before neuron B will let the stimulus continue on from A the second neuron must reach threshold

Back 80

True

Front 81

the neuron before the synapse

Back 81

presynaptic neuron

Front 82

neuron after the synapse

Back 82

postsynaptic

Front 83

neuron to neuron where will there NEVER be a synapse

Back 83

on the axon

Front 84

true or false

there are 3 fundamental differences in synapses between neuron to skeletal muscles and neuron to neuron

Back 84

true

Front 85

1st fundamental difference

Back 85

1) N-SM
1:1 ratio, one synaptic
end bulb per muscle cell

N-N
you can have many
synapses on the
postsynaptic neuron, but
NEVER on the axon itself

Front 86

2nd fundamental difference

Back 86

2) N-SM
neurotransmitter is ACh
(acetycholine) and it
ALWAYS opens a Na+
ion channel which
depolarizes the cell,
causing the cell to
become EXCITATORY
making it closer to
threshold

N-N
sometimes rather than a
positive ion channel
getting open, a negative
ion channel can get
opened which will
HYPERPOLARIZE the cell
causing the cell to
become INHIBITORY

Front 87

3rd fundamental difference

Back 87

3) N-SM
a full blown action
potential is always
generated

N-N
even if a positive ion
channel gets opened
you will NEVER get the
full action potential,
instead you will get small
changes in the
membrane potential
called local potentials

Front 88

opening a positive ion channels will depolarize the cell causing it to become excitatory

Back 88

opening a negative ion channel will hyperpolarize the cell causing it to become inhibitory

Front 89

positive
depolarize
excite

Back 89

negative
hyperpolarize
inhibit

Front 90

spot in the axon hillock that adds up all of the local potentials

Back 90

trigger zone

Front 91

if the local potentials added in the trigger zone are positive they are

Back 91

EPSP

excitatory post spynaptic potential

POSITIVE local potentials added in trigger zone

Front 92

if the local potentials added in the trigger zone are negative they are

Back 92

IPSP

inhibitory post synaptic potential

NEGATIVE local potentials added in trigger zone

Front 93

all local potentials added in trigger zone that come out positive are

Back 93

EPSP

Front 94

if the EPSP does not reach threshold the stimulus is

Back 94

aborted

Front 95

once a neuron reaches threshold in the membrane...

Back 95

an action potential rolls down the axon

Front 96

neuron to neuron

during the action potential what kind of ions are flying into the cell

Back 96

sodium

Na+

and the cell is depolarizing

Front 97

what happens during absolute refractory period

Back 97

the cell is completly depolarized and it is impossible to receive another stimulus

Front 98

describe relative refractory period

Back 98

the cell has established a little bit of membrane potential and if can receive another stimulus if the # added in the trigger zone is much higher than threshold (-55 mV)

Front 99

Na+ goes in to depolarize and to repolarize...

Back 99

K+ goes out

Front 100

the cell will hyperpolarize before going back to resting membrane potential at which time the

Back 100

K+ will go back in and the Na+ will go back out

Front 101

two neurotransmitters in the CNS and PNS

Back 101

acetyecholine and norepinephrine

Front 102

what does ACh do

Back 102

excitatory for everything EXCEPT cardiac muscle and sweat glands

Front 103

what does norepinephrine do

Back 103

excitatory for cardiac muscle and sweat glands and inhibits the rest

Front 104

neurotransmitters in the CNS only

Back 104

seratonin
GABA
dopamine
endorphines

Front 105

neurotransmitter responsible for happiness or depression

Back 105

seratonin

Front 106

disease related to the neurotransmitter GABA

Back 106

Huntington's

Front 107

disease related to the neurotransmitter dopamine

Back 107

Parkinson's

Front 108

neurotransmitter used to temporarily block pain

50x stronger than morphine

Back 108

endorphines

Front 109

two ways conduction occurs down an axon

Back 109

continuous and saltatory

Front 110

continuous conduction is very slow and the least preferred method

Back 110

saltatory is very fast an is the preferred method

Front 111

what is significant about the saltatory conduction method

Back 111

it skips over the mylin sheath and only opens Na+ in the Nodes of Ranvier