Jennifer's A & P 2 Unit 3

Front 1

Cardiac efficiency-how efficiently the cardiovascular system is working
Main job of cardiovascular system=transportation
Blood pressure is used as a main indicator for cardiac efficiency

Back 1

Blood pressure-the pressure of the blood against the inside wall of a blood vessel
This pressure can be measured inside any blood vessel although we are most concerned with the pressure within the aorta.

Hint 1

Hypotension-low blood pressure
Normal blood pressure=110-120/70-80
Problem with hypotension is that the heart is not pumping with enough pressure to surge your blood out to the whole body which causes lack of O2 and glucose to the brain tissue
Hypertension-high blood pressure
Problem with hypertension is that it can cause ruptures which is most problematic within the brain=stroke

Front 2

Causes of hypotension
Medications
Bleeding
Causes of hypertension
Genetic
Idiopathic-unknown cause

Back 2

Blood pressure is taken to measure cardiac efficiency
The top number is the systolic
The bottom number is diastolic

Hint 2

We are most concerned with the left ventricle and the aorta
When the left ventricle contracts (systole) it surges the blood into the aorta and the aorta expands to accommodate the blood surge. When it is most stretched-that is the systolic number-the top number. It is called systolic because it comes from ventricular systole-contraction of the ventricle.
When the aorta recoils back down into a relaxed state that is the diastolic number-bottom number.

Front 3

If you take someone’s blood pressure and it is too low or high then that tells you that your cardiovascular system is not working at its most efficient pace. Blood pressure is just a number and therefore you cannot correct it directly. You have to treat the underlying cause of the faulty number. So if hypotensive due to blood volume problem then you correct the blood volume problem to fix blood pressure.

Back 3

Cardiac output-the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
Blood pressure is directly dependent upon this

Hint 3

Heart rate-heart beats per minute normal=75 heart beats per minute

Front 4

Stroke volume-the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per heart beat normal=75mL per heart beat

Back 4

Cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate
CO=SV x HR

Hint 4

Cardiac output-the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
Blood pressure is directly dependent upon this

Heart rate-heart beats per minute normal=75 heart beats per minute

Stroke volume-the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per heart beat normal=75mL per heart beat
Cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate
CO=SV x HR

Front 5

Average blood volume is 4-6 Liters based on size of individual

Back 5

Increasing either heart rate or stroke volume will increase cardiac output

Hint 5

An increase in cardiac output will raise blood pressure

Front 6

Lowering heart rate or stroke volume will lower cardiac output thus lowering blood pressure

Back 6

Increasing either heart rate or stroke volume will increase cardiac output
An increase in cardiac output will raise blood pressure
The same is true for the opposite effect
Lowering heart rate or stroke volume will lower cardiac output thus lowering blood pressure

Hint 6

Stroke volume is dependent on two things

1-end diastolic volume (EDV) (also known as preload)-how much blood that is loaded into the left ventricle during diastole (when it is relaxed)

2-contractility-the force of the contraction

Front 7

Frank-Starling Law=as you increase the preload (EDV) then contractility will naturally increase

Back 7

Preload (EDV)-dependent on two factors
1-blood volume
2-venous pressure-how much pressure in the veins returning the blood to the heart

Hint 7

venous pressure-how much pressure in the veins returning the blood to the heart