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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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29. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
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a. Products of inflammation (e.g. fibrinogen) coat RBCs and cause aggregation.
b. When aggregated, RBCs fall at a faster rate in the test tube. |
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30. ↑ ESR?
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a. Infections
b. Inflammation (e.g. temporal arteritis) c. Cancer d. Pregnancy e. SLE |
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31. ↓ ESR?
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a. Sickle cell (altered shape)
b. Polycythemia (too many) c. CHF (unknown). |
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32. Iron poisoning (One of the leading causes of fatality from toxicologic agents in children)- What is the mechanism of cell death?
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a. Cell death in iron poisoning is due to peroxidation of membrane lipids.
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33. Symptoms of iron poisoning?
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a. Acute: Gastric bleeding
b. Chronic: Metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction. |
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34. Amyloidosis?
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a. β-pleated sheets demonstrable b apple-green birefringence of Congo red stain under polarized light; affected tissue has waxy appearance.
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35. Protein type of primary amyloidosis?
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a. AL
b. Derived from Ig light chains (multiple myeloma). |
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36. Protein of secondary amyloidosis?
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a. AA.
b. Serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein (chronic inflammatory disease) c. AA = Acute-phase reactant. |
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37. Amyloid protein in Senile cardiac amyloidosis?a. Transthyretin.
b. Derived from AF “AF= old Fogies”. |
a. Transthyretin.
b. Derived from AF “AF= old Fogies”. |
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38. Amyloid protein associated w/DM II?
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a. Amylin.
b. Derived from AE “AE= Endocrine”. |
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39. Amyloid protein associated w/Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?
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a. A-CAL
b. Derived from calcitonin |
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40. What is β-amyloid associated w/ Alzheimer’s (obv) derived from?
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a. Amyloid precursor protein (APP).
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41. Amyloid type associated w/dialysis?
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a. β2-microglobulin.
b. Derived from MHC I proteins. |
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42. Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock?
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a. LOW- output failure
b. ↑ TPR c. Low cardiac output d. Cold, clammy patient. |
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43. Septic shock presentation?
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a. HIGH-output failure
b. ↓TPR c. Dilated arterioles, high venous return d. Hot patient. |
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44. Hallmarks of cancer?
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a. Evading apoptosis
b. Self-sufficiency in growth signals c. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals d. Sustained angiogenesis e. Limitless replicative potential f. Tissue invasion g. Mets |
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45. Dysplasia?
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a. Abnormal proliferation of cells w/loss of size, shape, and orientation.
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46. In situ carcinoma?
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a. Neoplastic cells have not invaded Basement membrane.
b. High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and clumped chromatin c. Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness d. Tumour cells are monoclonal. |
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47. Features of cells in Invasive carcinoma?
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a. Cells have invaded basement membrane using COLLAGENASES and HYDROLASES.
b. Can metastasize if they reach a blood or lymphatic vessel. |
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48. Receptor changes w/mets?
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a. ↓ Cadherin
b. ↑ Laminin and Integrin receptors. |
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49. Anaplasia?
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a. Abnormal cells lacking differentiation
b. Like primitive cells of same tissue, often equated w/undifferentiated malignant neoplasm. c. Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin. |
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50. Neoplasia?
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a. A clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive.
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51. Desmoplasia?
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a. Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.
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52. Tumour grade?
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a. Degree of cellular differentiation based on histologic appearance.
b. Usually graded I-IV based on degree of differentiation and number of mitoses per high-power field. c. Character of tumour itself. |
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53. Stage?
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a. “STAGE = Spread”
b. Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of 1º lesion. |
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54. Which has more prognostic value, grade or stage?
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a. STAGE. Makes sense.
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55. TNM staging?
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a. T = size of tumour
b. N = Node involvement c. M = Mets. |
