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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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225. Effects of portal HTN?
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a. Esophageal varices- hematemesis.
b. Melena (from peptic ulcer or esophageal varices) c. Splenomegaly d. Caput medusae, ascites e. Portal hypertensive gastropathy f. Hemorrhoids |
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226. AST and ALT w/viral hepatitis?
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a. ALT >AST
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227. AST and ALT w/Alcoholic hepatis?
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a. AST> ALT.
b. “Too much Scotch leads to alcoholic hepatitis. S=Scotch” |
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228. AST and ALT w/MI?
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a. Increased AST. Too much scotch could also lead to an MI.
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229. When is GGT (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) increased?
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a. ↑ Heavy alcohol consumption.
b. Also various liver disease. |
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230. When is alkaline phosphatase increased?
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a. Obstructive liver disease (hepatocellular carcinoma)
b. Bone disease c. Bile duct disease. d. Found in biliary tree. |
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231. In what 2 conditions is amylase increased?
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a. Acute pancreatitis
b. Mumps. |
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232. In what condition is lipase increased?
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a. Acute pancreatis.
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233. Ceruloplasmin w/Wilson’s disease- high or low?
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a. Decreased!!!!!!!! Which is why it can’t transport enough copper.
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234. Reye’s syndrome?
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a. Rare, often fatal childhood hepatoencephalopathy.
b. Associated w/viral infection (especially VZV and influenza B) that has been treated w/salicylates. |
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235. Mechanism of damage w/Reye’s syndrome?
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a. Aspirin metabolites ↓ β-oxidation by reversible inhibition of mitochondrial enzyme.
b. Aspirin is not recommended for children. |
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236. Findings with Reye’ syndrome?
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a. Mitochondrial abnormalities
b. Fatty liver (microvesicular fatty change) c. Hypoglycaemia d. Coma. |
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237. 3 stages of Alcoholic liver disease?
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a. Hepatic steatosis
b. Alcoholic hepatitis c. Alcoholic cirrhosis. |
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238. Hepatic steatosis?
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a. Short-term change w/moderate alcohol intake.
b. Macrovesicular fatty change that may be reversible w/alcohol cessation. |
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239. Alcoholic hepatitis?
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a. Requires sustained, long-term consumption.
b. Swollen and necrotic hepatocytes w/neutrophilic infiltration/ c. Mallory bodies (intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions) are present |
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240. AST> ALT ratio w/alcoholic hepatitis?
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a. >1.5
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241. Alcoholic cirrhosis?
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a. Final and irreversible form.
b. Micronodular irregularly shrunken liver with “hobnail” appearance. c. Sclerosis around central vein (zone III- Zone III is for detoxifying and contains the highest concentration of CYP2E1). d. Jaundice, hypoalbuminemia. |
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242. Hepatocelular carcinoma findings?
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1. Tender hepatomegaly
2. Ascites 3. Polycythemia 4. hypoglycemia 5. Jaundice b. Most common malignant tumour of liver in adults. |
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243. With what conditions is ↑ incidence hepatocellular carcinoma associated (def know this)?
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1. Hepatitis B and C
2. Wilson’s diease 3. hemochromatosis 4. α1-antitrypsin defiency 5. Alcoholic cirrhosis 6. Carcinogens (e.g., aflatoxin in peanuts). |
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244. Spread of hepatocellular carcinoma?
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a. Hematogenous
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245. What marker is increased w/hepatocellular carcinoma?
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a. α-fetoprotein.
b. May lead to Budd-Chiari syndrome. |
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246. Nutmeg liver?
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a. Due to backup of blood into liver.
b. Commonly from right-sided heart failure and Budd-chiari syndrome. c. The liver appears mottled like a nutmeg. d. If the condiiton persists, centrilobular congestion and necrosis can result in cardiac cirrhosis. |
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247. Budd-Chiari syndrome?
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a. Occlusion of IVC or hepatic veins w/centrilobular congestion and necrosis, leading to congestive liver disease:
1. Hepatomegaly 2. Ascites 3. Abdominal pain 4. Eventual liver failure. b. May develop varices and have visible abdominal and back veins. |
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248. With what conditions is Budd-Chiari syndrome associated?
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a. Hypercoaguable state
b. Polycythemia vera c. Pregnancy d. Hepatocellular carcinoma |
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249. What is absent w/Budd-Chiari syndrome?
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a. JVD.
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250. α1-antitrypsin deficiency pathogenesis and effects?
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a. Misfolded gene product protein accumulates in hepatocellular ER.
b. ↓ Elastic tissue in lungs -> Panacinar emphysema. c. PAS-positive globules in liver. d. Codominant trait |
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251. Physiologic neonatal jaundice?
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a. At birth, immature UDP-glucuronyl transferase ->unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia -> jaundice and kernicterus.
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252. Treatment of neonatal jaundice?
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a. Phototherapy (converts unconjugated bilirubin to water-soluble form).
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253. Hyperbilirubinemia type, urine Bilirubin, and Urine urobilinogen with hepatocellular jaundice?
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a. Hyperbilirubinemia type: Conjugated/unconjugated
b. Urine bilirubin: ↑ c. Urine urobilinogen: Normal/↓ |
