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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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88. Where are Peyer’s patches found?
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a. Lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine.
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89. Special features of Peyer’s patches?
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a. Contain specialized M cells that take up antigen.
b. B cell stimulated in germinal centres of Peyer’s patches differentiate into IgA-secreting plasma cells, which ultimately reside in lamina propria. c. IgA receives protective secretory component and is then transported across epithelium to gut to deal w/intraluminal antigen. |
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90. Composition of Bile salt?
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a. Bile acids conjugated to glycine or taurine, making them water soluble.
b. Phospholipids c. Cholesterol d. Bilirubin e. Water f. Ions. |
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91. Importance of bile?
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a. Only significant mechanism for cholesterol excretion.
b. Needed for digestion of triglycerides and micelle formation (required for absorption of non-polar nutrients such as lipids) in small intestine. |
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92. Bilirubin?
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a. Product of heme metabolism.
b. Removed from blood by liver, conjugated w/glucuronate, and excreted in bile. |
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93. Direct bilirubin?
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a. Conjugated w/glucuronic acid; water soluble.
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94. Indirect bilirubin?
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a. Unconjugated; NOT water soluble.
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95. What cells secrete unconjugated bilirubin?
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a. Macs- digest RBCs-> Heme-> Unconjugated bilirubin.
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96. What is unconjugated bilirubin bound to in the blood?
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a. Albumin. (indirect bilirubin).
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97. How is urobilinogen formed?
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a. Bile excreted into the gut is digested to urobilinogen by gut bacteria.
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98. Fait of urobilinogen?
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a. 80% excreted in feces as stercobilin, which gives shit its colour.
b. 20% reabsorbed. Of this, 90% goes to the liver, 10% goes to the kidney and is excreted in the urine as urobilin, which gives characteristic colour of urin. |
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99. Features of Salivary gland tumours?
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a. Generally benign and occur in parotid gland.
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100. Types of salivary gland tumours?
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1. Pleomorphic adenoma
2. Warthin’s tumour 3. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma |
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101. Pleomorphic adenoma (salivary gland tumour)?
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a. Painless, movable mass
b. Benign w/high rate of recurrence. |
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102. Warthin’s tumour?
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a. Benign
b. Heterotopic salivary gland tissue trapped in a lymph node, surrounded by lymphatic tissue. |
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103. Most common Malignant salivary gland tumour?
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a. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
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104. Achalasia?
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a. Failure of the LES to relax due to loss of myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus.
b. High LES opening pressure and uncoordinated peristalis. c. Causes progressive dysphagia to solids and liquids (vs. obstruction= solids only). |
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105. Achalasia w/Barium swallow?
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a. Barium swallow shows dilated esophagus w/an area of distal stenosis.
b. “Bird’s beak” on barium swallow. |
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106. What risk is achalasia associated with?
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a. Increased risk of esophageal carcinoma.
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107. With what condition may secondary achalasia result from?
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a. Chagas’ disease.
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108. Scleroderma (CREST syndrome)?
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a. Associated w/esophageal dysmotility involving low pressure proximal to LES.
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109. GERD presentation?
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a. Commonly presents as heartburn and regurg upon lying down.
b. May also present w/nocturnal cough and dyspnea. |
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110. Esophageal varices?
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a. PAINLESS bleeding of submucosal veins in lower 1/3 of esophagus.
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111. Esophagitis?
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a. Associated w/reflex, infection (HSV-1, CMV, Candida), or chemical ingestion.
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112. Mallory-Weiss syndrome?
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a. Mucosal lacerations at the gastroesophageal junction due to severe vomiting.
b. Leads to hematemesis. Usually found in alcoholics and bulimics. |
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113. Boerhaave syndrome?
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a. Transmural esophageal rupture due to violent retching.
b. “Been-heaving syndrome”. |
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114. Esophageal strictures?
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a. Associated w/lye ingestion and acid reflux.
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115. Plummer-Vinson syndrome Triad?
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a. Triad of:
1. Dysphagia (due to esophageal webs)-plumber should clean out the webs. 2. Glossitis 3. Iron deficiency anaemia. |
