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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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31. Paraesophageal hernia?
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a. GE junction is normal.
b. Cardia moves into the thorax. |
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32. INdirect inguinal hernia?
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a. Goes through the INternal (deep) inguinal ring, external (superficial) ring, and INto the scrotum.
b. Occurs in Infants owing to failure of processus vaginalis to close (can form hydrocele. c. An indirect inguinal hernia follows the path of descent of the testes. Covered by all 3 layers of spermatic fascia. |
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33. Direct inguinal Hernia?
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a. Protrudes through the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle.
b. Bulges directly through abdominal wall medial to inferior epigastric artery. c. Goes through the external (superficial) inguinal ring only. d. Covered by external spermatic fascia. e. Usually in older men. |
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34. Femoral hernia?
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a. Protrudes below inguinal ligament through femoral canal below and lateral to pubic tubercle.
b. More common in women. c. Leading cause of bowel incarceration |
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35. What cells produce Gastrin and was is its action?
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a. G cell- Antrum of stomach.
b. Increases H+ secretion. c. Increases growth of gastric mucosa. d. Increases gastric motility. |
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36. What regulates (increases or decreases) Gastrin?
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a. Increased by stomach distention/alkalinization, amino acids, peptides, vagal stimulation.
b. Decreased by stomach pH <1.5. |
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37. Potent stimulators of Gastrin?
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a. Phenylalinine and tryptophan.
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38. In what pathologic condition is Gastrin increased?
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a. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
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39. What produces of CCK?
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a. I cells of duodenum and jejunum.
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40. Action of CCK?
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a. Increases Pancreatic secretion
b. Increases GB contraction. c. Decreases gastric emptying!!!!! Only GI hormone to do this. d. Acts on neural muscarinic pathways to cause pancreatic secretion. |
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41. What increases CCK?
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a. Fatty acids and amino acids.
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42. What cells secrete Secretin?
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a. S cells in the duodenum.
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43. Action of Secretin?
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a. Increases pancreatic secretion of bicarb- This neutralized gastric acid in duodenum, allowing pancreatic enzymes to function
b. Increases GB contraction. c. Decreases gastric emptying, sphincter of Oddi relaxation. |
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44. What regulates (increases or decreases) Secretin?
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a. Increased by acid and fats in lumen of duodenum.
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45. What cells secrete Somatostatin?
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a. D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa).
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46. Action of Somatostatin?
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a. Decreases gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion.
b. Decreases pancreatic and SI fluid secretion. c. Decreases GB contraction d. Decreases Insulin and Glucagon release. e. Somatostatin is an antigrowth hormone so it effects digestion and absorption of substances needed for growth. |
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47. What regulates (increases or decreases) of Somatostatin?
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a. Increased by acid
b. Decreased by vagal stimulation. |
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48. What cells secrete GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide aka gastric inhibitory peptide)?
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a. K cells (duodenum, jejunum).
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49. Action of GIP from K cells?
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a. Exocrine: Decrease H+ secretion.
b. Endocrine: Increase insulin release. |
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50. What regulates (increases or decreases) of GIP?
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a. Increased by fats, amino acids, oral glucose.
b. An oral glucose load is used more rapidly than the equivalent given by IV. |
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51. What cells secrete VIP?
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a. Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, GB, SI.
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52. Action of VIP?
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a. Increase intestinal water and electrolyte secretion.
b. Increase relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters. |
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53. What regulates (increases or decreases) VIP?
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a. Increased by distension and vagal stim.
b. Decreased by adrenergic input. (epi, NE). |
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54. VIPoma?
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a. Non-α, non-β cell pancreatic tumour that secretes VIP.
b. Causes Copious diarrhoea. |
