Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
31. If ketoconazole were a super-villin and had the opposite action (inhibition) of its super-hero counterpart, on what enzyme would it be acting on in the adrenal cortex?
|
a. Desmolase.
b. Ketoconazole inhibits Desmolase, while ACTH stimulates it. c. Desmolase is responsible for the conversion of Cholesterol to pregnenolone. |
|
|
32. Enzyme responsible for conversion of testosterone to estradiol?
|
a. Aromatase
|
|
|
33. Enzyme responsible for conversion of testosterone to DHT?
|
a. 5α-reductase.
|
|
|
34. What does AG II act on to produce aldosterone and via what enzyme?
|
a. Corticosterone via Aldosterone synthase.
|
|
|
35. What do all of the congenital adrenal enzyme deficiencies have in common (17α, 21, and 11β)?
|
a. All are characterized by enlargement of the adrenal glands due to ↑ in ACTH stimulation bc of ↓ levels of cortisol.
|
|
|
36. 17α-hydroxylase deficiency?
|
a. ↓ sex hormones
b. ↓ cortisol c. ↑ aldosterone. d. Sx: HTN, hypokalemia |
|
|
37. 17α-hydroxylase deficiency in XY?
|
a. ↓ DHT -> pseudohermaphroditism (externally phenotypic female, no internal reproductive structures due to MIF).
|
|
|
38. 17α-hydroxylase deficiency in XX?
|
a. Externally phenotypic fm w/normal internal sex organs but lacking 2º sexual characteristics “sexual infantilism”.
|
|
|
39. What hormones are ↑ with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency?
|
a. Pregnenolone, progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone.
|
|
|
40. What hormones are ↓ w/17α-hydroxylase deficiency?
|
a. 17-hydroxypregnenolone
b. 17-hydroxyprogesterone c. 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol d. DHEA, androstenedione, and testosterone-bc these all come from 17 hydroxypregnenolone. |
|
|
41. 21-hydroxylase deficiency (most common)?
|
a. ↓ cortisol (↑ ACTH)
b. ↓ Mineralcorticoids c. ↑ sex hormones. |
|
|
42. 21α-hydroxylase deficiency sx?
|
a. Masculinization
b. Female pseudohermaphroditism c. HYPOtension, Hyperkalemia d. ↑ plasma renin activity, and volume depletion e. Salt wasting can lead to hypovolemic shock in the newborn. |
|
|
43. What is ↑ in 21 hydroxylase deficiency?
|
a. Progesterone
b. Pregnenolone c. 17-hydroxypregnenolone d. 17-hydroxyprogesterone e. DHEA, Androstenedione, testosterone |
|
|
44. What is ↓ in 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
|
a. 11-deoxycorticosterone (from progesterone in mineral pw)
b. 11-deoxycortisol in cortisol pathway. |
|
|
45. 11β-hydroxylase deficiency?
|
a. ↓ cortisol
b. ↓aldosterone and corticosterone c. ↑ sex hormones |
|
|
46. 11β-hydroxylase deficiency sx?
|
a. Masculinization
b. HTN (like aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone is a mineralocorticoid and is secreted in excess). |
|
|
47. 5 functions of cortisol?
|
1. Maintains blood pressure (permissive effect w/epinephrine- up-regulates α1 receptors on arterioles)
2. ↓ Bone formation 3. Anti-inflammatory 4. ↓ Immune function 5. ↑ Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis. |
|
|
48. What is cortisol bound to in the blood?
|
a. Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
|
|
|
49. Source of PTH?
|
a. Chief cells of parathyroid.
|
|
|
50. 4 Functions of PTH?
|
a. ↑ bone resorption of calcium and phosphate
b. ↑ kidney reabsorption of calcium in DCT c. ↓ Kidney reabsorption of phosphate d. ↑ 1,25 (OH)2 (calcitriol) production by stimulating kidney 1α-hydroxylase. |
|
|
51. What ↑ or ↓ PTH secretion?
|
a. ↓ Free serum Ca ↑ PTH
b. ↓ Free serum Mg ↓ PTH. |
|
|
52. Common causes of ↓ Mg (↓’ing PTH) include:
|
1. Diarrhoea
2. Aminoglycosides 3. Diuretics 4. Alcohol abuse. |
|
|
53. Effects of PTH on serum Ca and phosphate?
|
a. ↑’s Ca
b. ↓ (PO4)3- c. ↑ urine (PO4)3-. |
|
|
54. Effect of PTH on bone cells?
|
a. ↑ production of M-CSF and RANK-L in osteoblasts stimulating osteoclasts.
|
|
|
56. What cells secrete calcitonin?
|
a. Parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid.
|
|
|
57. Function of calcitonin?
|
a. ↓ bone resorption of calcium.
b. It opposes actions of PTH but is not important in normal calcium homeostasis. |
|
|
58. What causes ↑ calcitonin secretion?
|
a. ↑ Serum Ca.
|
