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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. From what is the adrenal cortex derived?
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a. Mesoderm.
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2. From what is the adrenal medulla derived?
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a. Neural crest
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3. Neuroblastoma?
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a. Most common tumour of adrenal medulla in children.
b. Basically a pheo in a child. |
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4. Drainage of left and right adrenal glands?
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a. Left->Left adrenal vein->Left renal vein-> IVC
b. Right -> right adrenal vein -> IVC. c. Same as gonads. |
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5. What does the posterior pituitary secrete?
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a. Vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin.
b. They are made in the hypothalamus and shipped to the pituitary. |
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6. Carrier proteins that carry hormones in circulation?
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a. Neurophysins.
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7. From what embryonal layer is the posterior pituitary derived?
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a. Neuroectoderm.
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8. From what is the anterior pituitary derived?
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a. Oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch).
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9. Acidophilic anterior pituitary hormones (2)?
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a. GH and prolactin
b. The rest are basophilic. |
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10. Common subunit to TSH, LH, FSH, and hCG?
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a. α-subunit.
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11. β-subunit in pituitary hormones?
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a. Determines hormone specificity.
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12. Where in the pancreas are the endocrine cells (α,β,γ)?
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a. Tail of pancreas.
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13. From what do pancreatic islets arise?
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a. Pancreatic buds.
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14. How is Insulin made?
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a. Made in β cells in response to ATP from glucose metabolism closing K+ channels and depolarizing cells.
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15. Does Insulin affect glucagon?
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a. Yes, it inhibits glucagon release by α cells.
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16. What is proinsulin composed of?
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a. Insulin + C-peptide.
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17. 6 anabolic effects of Insulin?
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1. ↑ Glucose transport
2. ↑ Glycogen synthesis and storage 3. ↑ Triglyceride synthesis and storage 4. ↑ Na+ retention (kidneys) 5. ↑ Protein synthesis (muscles) 6. ↑ cellular uptake of K+ and amino acids. |
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18. What cells don’t need insulin for glucose uptake? BRICKL
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a. Brain
b. RBCs c. Intestine d. Cornea e. Kidney f. Liver |
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19. In what 2 cell types if Glut-1?
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a. RBCs and Brain
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20. Where is GLUT-2 found (bidirectional)?
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a. β-islet
b. Liver c. Kidney d. SI |
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21. Where is GLUT-4 found (insulin responsive)?
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a. Adipose
b. Skeletal muscle. |
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22. What type of transport is involved w/GLUT-2?
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a. Facilitated diffusion.
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23. What organs are insulin dependent?
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a. Skeletal muscle and adipose (GLUT-4).
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24. How do RBCs differ from the brain w/respect to glucose?
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a. While both use GLUT-1 and do not depend on insulin, the brain can use ketones in starvation while RBCs always depend on glucose.
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25. What does Somatostatin from the hypothalamus to the ant. pit have a negative effect on?
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a. GH and TSH.
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26. What does prolactin have a negative feedback effect on?
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a. GnRH.
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27. Describe Prolactin regulation?
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a. Secretion from ant. pit is inhibited by dopamine from hypothalamus.
b. Prolactin in turn inhibits its own secretion by ↑ing dopamine synthesis and secretion from the hypothalamus. c. TRH ↑’s prolactin secretion. |
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28. Function of prolactin?
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a. Stimulates milk production in breast.
b. Inhibits ovulation in females and spermatogenesis in males by inhibiting GnRH synthesis and release. |
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29. Dopamine agonist that inhibits prolactin secretion and can be used in tx of prolactinoma?
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a. Bromocriptine.
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30. Dopamine antagonists that can stimulate prolactin secretion as a SE?
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a. Most antipsychotics and oestrogens (OCPs, pregnancy).
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