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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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108. How is PCWP measured?
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a. Swan-Ganz catheter.
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109. What factors determine autoregulation of heart?
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a. Local metabolites- O2, adenosine, NO.
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110. What factors determine autoregulation of brain?
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a. Local metabolites- CO2 (pH0.
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111. What factors determine autoregulation of kidneys?
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a. Myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback.
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112. Why are the lungs unique in autoregulation of blood flow?
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a. The pulmonary vasculature is unique in that hypoxia causes vasoconstriction so that only well-ventilated areas are perfused.
b. In other organs, hypoxia causes vasodilation. |
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113. Most common cause of early cyanosis in baby?
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a. Tet!
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114. 5 T’s of Right-to-left shunts (early cyanosis) “blue babies”?
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a. Tetralogy
b. Transposition of great vessels c. Truncus arteriosus d. Tricuspid atresia e. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) |
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115. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus?
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a. Failure of truncus arteriosus to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta.
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116. Tricuspid atresia?
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a. Characterized by absence of tricuspid valve and hypoplastic right ventricle.
b. Requires both ASD and VSD for viability. |
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117. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)?
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a. Pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation (SVC, coronary sinus, etc).
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118. 3 causes of left-to-right (late cyanosis) “blue kids”?
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a. VSD (Most common congenital cardiac anomaly)!!
b. ASD (Loud S1, wide, fixed split S2). c. PDA. |
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119. How do you close a PDA?
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a. Indomethacin.
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120. Eisenmenger’s syndrome?
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a. Uncorrected VSD, ASD, or PDA causes compensatory vascular hypertrophy, which results in progressive pulmonary HTN>
b. As pulmonary resistance ↑, the shunt reverses from L>R to R>L, which causes late cyanosis (clubbing and polycythemia). |
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121. 4 components of Tet?
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a. Pulmonary stenosis (Most important determinant for prognosis)
b. RVH c. Overriding aorta d. VSD. |
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122. Tet heart on radiograph?
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a. Boot-shaped heart due to RVH.
b. Patient suffers from cyanotic spells. |
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123. What is a Tetralogy of Fallot caused by?!?
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a. Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum!
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124. How do patients learn to improve symptoms of Tet?
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a. They learn to squat, which causes compression of the femoral arteries and ↑ TPR thereby ↓ the R>L shunt and directing more blood from the RV to the lungs.
b. Compression > resistance > pressure. |
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125. D-transposition of great vessels?
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a. Aorta leaves RV (anterior) and pulmonary trunk leaves (LV) posterior.
b. There is a separation of systemic and pulmonary circulations. c. Obviously not compatible w/life unless a shunt is present (e.g., VSD, PDA, or patent foramen ovale. |
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126. What is D-transposition of great vessels due to?
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a. Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral.
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127. Coarctation of Aorta-Infantile type. And what genetic condition is it associated with!!!?
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a. Aortic stenosis proximal to insertion of ductus arteriosus (preductal)
b. Turner Syndrome. c. Check femoral pulses on physical exam. |
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128. Coarctation of Aorta- Adults type? Stenosis is distal to ligamentum arteriosum (postductal).
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a. Associated w/notching of the ribs (collateral circulation)
b. HTN in upper extremities c. Weak pulses in lower extremities. d. Can result in aortic regurgitation. |
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129. Mnemonic for child vs. adult coarctation of aorta?
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a. “INfantile IN close to heart”
b. ADult: Distal to Ductus. |
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130. What other heart anomaly is adult coarctation most commonly assoc. w/?
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a. Bicuspid aortic valve.
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131. Murmur w/PDA?
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a. Continuous, machine-like.
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132. Closes PDA?
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a. Indomethacin.
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133. Keeps PDA open?
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a. PGE (makes sense because this is what prostaglandins do).
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134. What can uncorrected PDA eventually result in?
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a. Cyanosis in lower extremities.
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135. 22q11 syndrome (congenital cardiac defects) (2)?
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1. Truncus Arteriosus
2. Tetralogy |
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136. Down syndrome congenital cardiac defects (3)?
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1. ASD
2. VSD 3. Septal defect (Endocardial cushion defect). |
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137. Congenital rubella heart defects (3)?
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1. Septal defects
2. PDA 3. Pulmonary artery stenosis. |
