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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the political causes of the French Revolution
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Corruption – Absolutism – Letters of the sign (letters de cachet) – Censorship – Increasingly unpopular government. (CALCI)
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Why was absolutism a cause of the French Revolution?
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It created unhappy land owners/lower class
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Why was corruption of the monarchy a cause of the French Revolution?
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-They spent money they did not have.
-Noblemen were exempt from taxing -Unfair judicial system -Louis XVI was a weak leader |
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How was censorship a cause of the French Revolution?
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The government controlled press, books, and gatherings.
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How did the letters of the sign (letters de cachet) lead to the French Revolution?
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They were used to in force Louis XVI's ruling
They ordered around parliament Best known to sentence people to prison, mentally hospitalize, or banish (without trial) |
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Why was there an increasingly unpopular government?
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No one liked Marie Antoinette
-Austrian -Rumored Lesbian -Lavish spending -Affair of the Diamond Necklace |
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Why were there social causes of the French Revolution?
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When the 3rd Estate broke off to form the National Assembly because of unfair voting.
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What is the Taille?
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Tax on property
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What was the Gabelle?
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Tax on salt
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What is a Tithe?
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An enforced 10% of everything to the church - often more than 10%
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What was the Carvee?
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Forced labor without pay
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Why was there crippling debt in France?
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Spent lots of money on wars
-Seven year war -American Revolution -Louis XV mistresses -Louis XIV Versailles |
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What were the enlightenment ideas that inspired the French Revolution?
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Rejection of divine right
Rousseau - Social Contract -Rulers only rule with conceit of government Voltaire |
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Who was Voltaire?
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Influential freedom activist. He was very influential on Napoleon.
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What did the 3rd estate want?
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Equal to other orders
Vote by head Representatives |
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What was the National Assembly?
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June 17, 1789 - What the 3rd estate created when they broke away from the Estates General. The first act of deviance against the monarchy. Also named the National Constituent Assembly.
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What was the Tennis Court Oath?
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June 20th, 1789 - made conference room in the tennis court outside of Versailles. Swore to meet until a constitution of the Kingdom is established.
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What was the Storming of Bastille?
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July 14, 1789 - Rumor of the aristocracy using military force to disband a protest caused a mob of 80,000 that gathered at Bastille (military fort) and overthrew it.
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What was the Great Fear?
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1789 - conspiracy that the wealthy would begin to take the poor's food. This caused peasants to harass their lords and aristocracy to flee the country and became EMIGRES.
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What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
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August 26, 1789 - Written by Lafayette with the help of Thomas Jefferson. Gave believed natural rights to men. It did not create popular rule.
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What was the March to Versailles?
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"October 5, 1789 - also known as the ""Women's March"" or the ""October March"" - a protesting women’s rights crowd joined forces with revolutionist protesters and ransacked the city armory and marched to Versailles and got the royal family to return with them to Paris.
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What was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?
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1790 - It was an attempt to recognize the Catholic Church. It made church property now state property, which people could buy. It made clergy elected officials. It also reduced the number of bishops and got rid of monastic orders.
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What was the flight to Varennes?
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1791 - Royal family attempted to flee from Paris. They were finally recognized in the town of Varennes. It was the turning point in regards of trusting the monarchy and caused them to become official prisoners of the state.
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What was the Declaration of Pillnitz?
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1791 - Issued by Marie Antoinette's brother, Leopold II and Persian king Fredrick Williams II. It declared support for Louis XVI and the monarchy. Claimed if they didn't they would invade France.
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What was the Constitution of 1791?
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September 3, 1791 – National Assembly -attempt for gov to be run more by the people. Only men who were 25+ and paid the minimum tax. Lasted less than a year.
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Why did France declare war on Austria?
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1792 - The people felt it would weaken their monarchy - the king thought it would help his power/popularity grow by defeating them.
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Who were the Cordeliers?
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Advocates for popular rule
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Who were the Jacobins?
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Big political party/group. Radicalists - wanted popular education, universal suffrage (voting), separation of church and state, and most of all a republic. Most radical of 2 groups.
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Who were the Girondists?
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Big political party/group - Moderate republicans who still wanted an end to the monarchy. Resisted the revolution.
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Who was the Mountain?
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Extreme Jacobins. The most radical of the radicalists. Got their name from how high up they sat at assemblies.
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Who as George Danton?
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Mountianist - the 1st president of the committee of public safety. Organized riot of Champs-de-Mars.
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Who was Jean-Paul Marat?
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A writer who held large influential powers. Radicalist. Murdered in the bathtub.
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Who was Robespierre?
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Leader of the Jacobins. Became president of Committee of Public Safety after Danton. Led the reign of terror.
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Why did the war effort go poorly?
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There were no nobles in the army and no one could fight.
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What were the September Massacres?
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September 2, 1792 – Rumor spread that invading Prussians would find support in the prisoners who were most all against the revolution. The radicalists attacked prisoners. 1,200-1,400 killed.
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Who were the San Culottes?
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Radical, left wing, lower class followers of Marat. They became the revolutionary army lead by Herbert.
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What was the Committee of Public Safety?
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April 6, 1793 - Formed by gov to protect the newly formed republic. Composed of 12 members elected by the National Convention.
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What was the Reign of Terror?
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1793-1794 - mass executions by guillotine of anyone believed to be against the republic by the Jacobins ordered by the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre was in charge of the Committee of Public Safety during this time.
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What was the Constitution of 1795?
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It created a Directory (5 people with power) (no checks and balances but still a republic). House of 500 and House of Ancients.
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What was the Bourgeoisie?
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French term for the middle class (3rd estate)
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Who made up the 1st estate?
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The entire clergy.
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Who made up the 2nd estate?
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French nobility
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Who made up the 3rd estate?
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Everyone else (largest estate)
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What was the Estates General?
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Legislative assembly of the different estates. Voted by estate as a whole, which left the 3rd estate at a disadvantage.
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Who were the monarchists?
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Supporters of the Bourban monarchy.
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What was the National Convention?
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Radicals took control over the Legislative Assembly in 1792 and were much more radical than the Legislative Assembly. They voted to abolish the monarchy.
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Why was Louis XVI executed?
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Tried for high treason. The National Convention voted to convict and he was sentenced to death.
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What is a plebiscite?
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A vote by the people of an ENTIRE country to decide on an issue.
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What was the significance of the Affair of the Diamond Necklace?
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It added to the already growing hatred of Marie Antoinette and brought embarrassment and discredit to the Bourbon monarchy.
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Which Enlightenment philosopher was most relevant during the middle stages of the Revolution, when it became clear that Louis XVI would not cooperate with the new system of government?
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Jean Rousseau
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How many constitutions were written before the end of the Revolution?
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3
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What is different about the French Revolution than the American?
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Social and religious changes were also sought during the French Revolution.
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In what country did the French Revolution occur?
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France
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Which revolutionary leader was murdered in his bathtub?
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Jean-Paul Marat
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How did Napoleon rise to power?
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After his campaigns in Italy and Africa, he returns to Paris as a hero. The public opinion of him was high and the opinion of the government was low. The plot against the Directory wanted a strong military ruler.
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Who was Abbe Sieyes?
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Member of the Directory who planned the plot against the Directory putting Napoleon in charge.
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What was the Consulate?
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3 man run government. Held public voting’s and a legislative assembly as well as a council of notables, but none held much power. Napoleon gave himself the title of 1st Consul, which gave himself the majority of the power in the government.
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What was the Concordat of 1801?
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Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church. It kept the church under state control and made the church-state relationship in Napoleon’s favor.
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What was the Code of Napoleon?
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1804 – Civil code established that forbade privileges based on birth, allowed for freedom of religion, and specified that the government’s jobs should go to those most qualified. Also established supremacy of man over wife and children.
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Who were apart of the Grand Empire?
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Holland, Spain, German states (excluding Austria and Prussia), Warsaw, Swiss Republic, and Italy. Napoleon now saw himself as Emperor of Europe. 3 parts of Grand Empire: 1. France 2. Satellite kingdoms 3. Allies.
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What was the Battle of Trafalgar?
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October 25, 1805 –Naval battle which Napoleons French and Spanish navy were wiped out by Admiral Nelsons’ English Navy. This made the invasion of England impossible for Napoleon.
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What was the Battle of Austerlitz?
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December 2, 1805 – Napoleon defeated the Russians and Austrians on land, which allowed Napoleon to rebuild his naval fleet. At this time he also dissolved the HRE and replaced it with the Confederation of the Rhine.
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What was the Treaty of Tilsit?
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Consolidated Western Europe (except Spain). Russia also agreed to prevent Napoleon from invading. Soon all of Europe was supporting Napoleon’s blockade of British goods.
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What was the Peninsular War?
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1808-1814 – Spain hated French rule and rebelled against France. Spain allied with Portugal and UK and created a battle for the control of the Iberian Peninsula. Led by the Duke of Wellington, they drove the French army out of Spain resulting in Napoleon’s first major loss
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What was the Battle of Nations?
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1813 – Ended with the battle of Leipzig (battle of nations) where quad alliance, Austria – Russia – Pressia – UK, cause Napoleon to leave power April 4, 1814.
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Exile to Elba
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Not bad for Napoleon. Made him monarch over Elba and also paid him.
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Hundred Days
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Napoleon escaped from Elba and took over once again before his crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo at the hands of the Duke of Wellington on June 18, 1815.
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Exile to St. Helens
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Second exile. Not like Elba. Not allowed to have friends. He wrote poems and turned into a romantic hero in the eyes of the people before dying of stomach cancer May 5, 1821.
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What was the Congress of Vienna?
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1815 – the four main powers (quad alliance) met in Vienna to reshape Europe following the defeat of Napoleon. Establish order and a balance of power.
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Who was Metternich?
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Austrian major leader at the Congress of Vienna. Believed key to saving Europe’s monarchies was in seeking accommodation with Napoleon, not on the battle field. Wanted absolute monarchies and to return to status quo of 1792.
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What is the Metternich system?
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A system who’s single goal was to maintain established absolute monarchies across Europe.
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Who was Castlereagh?
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Britain’s leader in the Congress of Vienna. Designed the Congress System.
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What is the Congress System?
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System that collectively managed European affairs. Created by Castlereagh.
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Who was Alexander 1?
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Russian leader in the Congress of Vienna. Treated with suspicion because they didn’t want to replace France with even more powerful Russia.
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Who was King Frederick William III?
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Prussia leader in the Congress of Vienna. Weak character often just siding with Alexander 1 (Russia).
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Who was Talleyrand?
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French leader in the Congress of Vienna. Political genius. His main goal was to get France viewed as equal with the quad alliance.
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What was the Principle of Legitimacy?
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The rightful rulers disposed by the French Revolution or Napoleon would be restored to power.
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What was the Principle of Compensation?
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All nations that played a part in Napoleon’s defeat were repaid in land.
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What was the Polish-Saxon crisis?
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Russia wanted Poland – Prussia wanted Saxony. Talleyrand was allowed to vote and told Austria and GB that France would be their allies against Russia and Prussia if they let them vote.
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What happened to the Dutch Republic in the end?
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United with the Austrian Netherlands to form kingdom under House of Orange.
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What happened to Norway and Sweden in the end?
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They were joined by a single ruler.
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What happened to Switzerland in the end?
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They declared natural.
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What happened to the German states in the end?
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It consolidated them.
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What was the treaty of the Quadruple Alliance?
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1815 - Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain renewed alliance under the organization of Metternich and were to support Congress of Vienna and suppress future revolutions. France was let in in 1818. GB left in 1820.
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Spanish revolution 1820-1821
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Liberals revolted against the restored monarch Ferdinand VII. Revolt was suppressed when France came in and defeated in under the order of the Concert of Europe.
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Italian Revolution 1820-1821
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Led by Carbonari (secret liberal society) who rebelled against the Two Sicilies and in Sadinia-Piedmont. Suppressed by Austria under the C of E.
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Latin American revolution 1810-1823
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LA declared independence from Spain. Britain and US supported LA because of trade. This revolution resulted in the Monroe Doctrine.
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What was the Monroe Doctrine?
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Protected the Western Hemisphere from European interference.
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Greek Revolution
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1821-1829 – Rebelled against Turkey. And achieved independence. Went against Metternich system.
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What was the July Revolution?
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1824 France drives out Charles X.
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Who’d Belgium win independence from in 1830?
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Netherlands
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What revolt is depicted in Les Miserables?
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Republicans protesting General Lamarque’s funeral.
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What is the significance of the 1848 revolutions?
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They collapsed the Metternich system – Republic in France (and universal male suffrage) – Marked the last effort in Europe to overthrow monarchies by revolution alone.
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When was the balance of power, established by the Congress of Vienna destroyed?
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When Germany unified in 1871 that led to WWI.
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