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20 Cards in this Set
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Rebellion against the New Order |
A lot of people unsatisfied with the reform J was taking, especially the elimination of the status system which meant samu no more stipends, a draft for the army, and compusory education. People reacted in extremes, 10% of schools were burned down bc of rage at tax increase, people rioting bc imposs to get out of draft w/o giving up a ton of money and samus samuing Lots and lots of riots, rebellions, and political parties estab. Eventually leads to more public invovlement in politics. |
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The Korea Debate |
new Meiji leaders tried to get recognition from Korea o Saigo and the others interpreted Korea’s reluctance as an insult and wanted to invade, thought a war with Korea would be a good outlet for restless ex-samurai and ex-daimyoo Others disagreed and said it was not the time for war o Shinpei – after his proposal to invade Korea was rejected, he went back to his home and Tried to set up a competing government that he believed was more legitimate than the Meiji order (it failed). When it failed, he turned to violent rebellion against the new nation. The government publicly displays Etou’s severed head as a warning to others. Iwakura mission has many thinking focus is better spent on reforms |
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Saigo's Rebellion |
Saigo Takamori was a patriot who wanted to invade Korea. When Korea said no to trade, hoped that would be the snowball. Bc of Iwakura Mission, govt thinks they need to focus on reforms first. Saigo resigned and returned home to establish a private school which multiplied, and trained students. Support strong and large, esp after govt slowly kills samu stipends. After an attempted assassination, stockpiled weapons used to attack against govt. Saigo didn't really wanna lead the rebellion, but it was the last great rebellion against govt reform and it cost a lot, so much had to inflate. Also effectively ended the samurai class. |
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Itagaki Taisuke |
Former samu wanted people's rights, wanted natl assembly, nec to build strong nation. Was an opportunist who would trade activists for high rank. Advocated with 1 person 1 vote, rights of ordinary people toorganize and mobilize. He wanted samurai who participated in the creation of the new order to have a say. but didn't include commoners, just upper class |
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Freedom and People's Rights Movement |
was a Japanese political and social movement for democracy in the 1880s, back when govt was looking to build a constitution and was looking for a direction to reform their govt. It pursued the formation of an elected legislature, revision of the Unequal Treaties, the institution of civil rights, and the reduction taxation. The Movement prompted the Meiji government to establish a constitution in 1889 and a diet in 1890; on the other hand, it failed to loosen the control of the central government and its demand for true democracy remained unfulfilled, with ultimate power continuing to reside in the Meiji oligarchy because, among other limitations, the Meiji Constitution enfranchised only men who paid a substantial amount in property taxes. Often had members crushed and banished by govt. for speaking too loud
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Ishizaka Shoko |
An estab politician drawn towards the Peopl's Rights mvement wanted more open govt that benefited people Helped implement military conscription, tax reforms, schools, became estab politician fostered political discussion, made his prefecture themost politically active, tried to make general public knowledgable about rights and laws. got into House of Reps and became governor, well loved, but poor |
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Charter Oath |
New govt wanted to consolidate power, created oath to control allies and apponents. 1. Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion. 2. All classes, high and low, shall be united in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state. 3. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent. 4. Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature. 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule.[3] |
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Iwakura Mission |
- A few dozen, most of the key members of the government, students,and women, leave Japan for 2 years to go study the nation states of the west: Institutions, technology, knowledge, etc. Helped welcome western ideas, though was originally to address unequal treaties. Euros said lol no Led to Building the Nation State - building institutions tobring people together and bringing an awareness of the people of the nationstate observed that they need an unshakeable national foundation to elevate J's prestige |
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Fukuzawa Yukichi |
Wrote the Goodbye to Asia (Datsu-A) because he wanted a separate identity from Asia: Japan was more civilized. It's an admittance that the west is superior, but J has a chance to prevail and succeed if they stop associating with their neighboors, Korea and China, who were stuck to old conventions and refused to be civilized. Worried that because of proximity would be associated with China's mean-spiritedness and Koreans heartless punishments for crimes. Proponent of universla education |
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Meiji education reforms |
Part of the Meiji reform was compulsory schooling, which was initially protested - 10% of schools were burned down by angry adults. But eventually the tune changed. Education became state-centered, moralistic. No more liberalism from Arinori, but tightly controlled textbooks, encouraged loyalty to the state. Centralized schooling—The government’s method ofindoctrinated the people as useful to the governmentà reality: most familiescouldn’t afford to send their kids to school, 1930s most girls didn’t attendschool px8t |
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"Rich Nation, Strong Army" |
-advocatedby Ito Hirobumi (father of the modern Japanese constitution -Most of the leaders of this thought were YoshidaShoin’s student’s - “Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians!” -The way to do this, the way to expel the barbarians,was to emulate the modern western nation state. J motivated by western culture and achievements but still wary of them, so thoughts were on catching up so they could get them out. Knew they were not capable of doing it at the time, so must have economic reform to build a rich nation that could afford a strong army. |
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"Civilization and Enlightenment" |
Movement that was composed of samu intellectuals who advocated West. ideas and values into J. Featured Fukuzawa and the idea that the world was civilized in stages - Western Europe and the US fully, Japan somewhere in the middle, and places like China at the bottom as barbarians. First stage is not producing anything, second is making necessities, but not asking questioins or thinking, third don't adhere to customs blindly, refine knowledge.
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1874 Taiwan Expedition |
After 54 ryukyuan sailors were killed after being shipwrecked Japan contacted Americancouncil and asked what they should do with Taiwan, as they argued Okinawa wastheir people. Told to do what they saw fit with thebarbarians, since not allied with anybody. The thought was that civilized nations had the burden to civilize those that were not. The Japanese government took this advice and made a bureauof savage affairs. They decided to do a punitiveexpedition. The press came with the impression that they weredisciplining the savages, so they understood the superiority of japan. Helped further J's obsession with becoming a separate entity in Asia, as theyfelt like a civilized beacon in a bad neighborhood and estab Ryukyu kingdom as J and that China didn't have control of Taiwan |
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"Internal Others" |
Generally refers to the Ainu, the aboriginals of J, but also includes the original inhabitants of Okinawa and Hokkaido. None were considered Japanese during the Tokugawa Era. Japan wanted to homogenize the Ainu people of Hokkaido and the Okinawans in order to keep out foreigners. Hokkaido became a prefecture of J, which caused problems for certain Ainu traditions like tattooing. To make these people Japanese, they banned many of their customs that were different from Japanese customs. J govt stopped these practices bc they felt like they had to civilize them. Created the Ainu Protection Policy, where gov’t gave Ainu their own land to keep their land tax free, as long as they farmed it. This forced them to stop their hunter gatherer traditions to begin agriculture.
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Office of Rites |
Also known as the Department of Dvinity, it proclaimed that the nation was to be guided by the way of the kami. This was done in an effort to manage religion in an legitimate way, esp since Shintoism was assoc w/ the Emp. Shintoism and the govt became closely related and shrines were given high profiles, esp during the Russo-J war. This also increased discrim and attacks against Buddhists Govt still wasn't fond of Christianity infiltrating country, so made Office o Rites take a bigger part.
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Imperial Rescript on Education |
Document stated that the goal of education was learning to serve society and the state, stop with the individualism. Students required to memorize this. Brought along by Westernization, was a compromise between the Confucius centered vs Emperor centered philosophy Benevolent rulers and loyal subjects Wanted to instill unshakable values, but faced resistance from public |
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Triple Intervention |
After a troublesome, but eventually victorious Japanese win in the Sino-Japanese War, a peace treaty was established. The treaty made japan's aspirations of colonization clear, with them taking control of the Liaodon Peninsula. Russia was upset by these terms, and convinced France and Germany to pressure Japan into returning the territory, after which they immediately occupied the land, infuriated the Japanese. Three countries intervened. Led to Russo-Japanese war and Anglo-Japanese Alliance |
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Anglo-Japanese Alliance |
GB didn't join Triple Intervention and supported J's modernization, making them ideal candidates for an alliance. Motivation was blocking Russo expansion. GB saw it as a warning to Russ bc didn't yet want to engage them, while J was emboldened and eventually went into the Russo-Japanese War. Russia now couldn't get help bc their ally France couldn't afford to go to war with GB, which emboldened J. |
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Treaty of Portsmouth |
Formally ended the Russo-Japanese War, done by Theo Roosevelt Gained control over parts of Manchuria and got exclusive rights to Korea. No real financial wins, but led to annexing Korea. International relations were troubled, but did set them up as the premier face of Asia. Finally acknowledged as the successful in a sea of barbaric nations like China and Korea. Some trouble at home because people fed news that they were more successful than they really were. |
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Model Factories |
With the J. Govt wanting to quickly modernize Japan and catch up with Euro, their raw silk became an essential import that pushed the industrialization of the country. They supported modern silk factories, which employed young men and women, pulling them from poor farms. The work paid more than their farms would, but was still miserable and often dangerous, with some factories featuring a 100% turnover rate |
