Japan Final Exam

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Ōkawa Shūmei

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(prewar Pan-Asianist) 1886 –1957) was a Japanese nationalist, Pan-Asian writer and Islamic scholar.

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Bandung conference of non-aligned nations

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first large-scale meeting of Asian and African states, 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. The conference's stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by the United States, or any other imperialistic nations.

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Takeshima/Dokto islands

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- a group of small islets in the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Sovereignty over the islets is disputed between Japan and South Korea.The islets are currently administered by South Korea, which has its Coast Guard stationed there.

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Yasukuni shrine to war dead

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a Shinto shrine located in Tokyo.
It is dedicated to the (spirits) of soldiers and others who died fighting on behalf of the Emperor of Japan.
It also houses one of the few Japanese War Museums dedicated to World War II.

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Koizumi Junichirō 2001-06

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Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006.
maverick leader of the Liberal Democratic Party,
economic reformer,
focused on Japan's government debt
and the privatization of its postal service.
deployed Forces to Iraq,
first deployment of the Japanese military since World War II.

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Prime Minister Hatoyama Yukio , 2009-?

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- is a Japanese politician who has been Prime Minister of Japan since September 2009. Hatoyama is only the second Japanese Prime Minister to be born after the end of World War II. Hatoyama comes from a prominent Japanese political family which has been likened to the Kennedy family.

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Hara Takashi　

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Seiyūkai party president, PM.was one of the main political parties in pre-war Japan.

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Katō Takaaki

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Kenseikai party president, PM. The party was supported by the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, due to family ties to its leader, Katō Takaaki.

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General Ugaki Kasushige

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(army minister in Minseitō cabinets)

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“Government by Assassination”

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Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi , 1930/31
Finance Minister Inoue Junnosuke, winter, 1932
Mitsui Chairman, Dan Takuma, winter, 1932
Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi, May 1932
Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo and several other cabinet ministers, 2/26/1936

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Seiyūkai (1900-1940) (Friends of Constitutional Government)

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was one of the main political parties in pre-war Japan.
the Seiyūkai was a pro-government alliance of bureaucrats and former members of the Kenseito.
The Seiyūkai was the most powerful political party in Japan from 1900 to 1921,
and it promoted big government and large-scale public spending. Though labeled "liberal" by its own members,
it was generally conservative by modern definitions.
It often opposed social reforms and it supported bureaucratic control and militarism for the purpose of winning votes.
It viewed the Rikken Minseito as its main rival.

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Dōshikai (Constitutional Association of Friends)

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was a Japanese political party active in the early years of the 20th century.Founded by Prime Minister Katsura Tarō in, 1913, the Dōshikai largely served to support his cabinet against criticism by the Seiyukai party led by Inukai Tsuyoshi and Ozaki Yukio, which held a majority of the seats in the Diet at the time.

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Kenseikai (Constitutional Party)

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was a political party in Taishō and early Showa period Japan. The Kenseikai was founded in October 1916, as a merger of the Rikken Doshikai, Chuseikai and the Koyu Kurabu. This merger gave it a total of 197 seats in the lower house of the Diet of Japan, thus forming a majority, and raised the expectation that its president, Katō Takaaki, would become the next Prime Minister of Japan. The party was supported by the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, due to family ties to its leader, Katō Takaaki.

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Minseitō (Constitutional Democratic Party)

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one of the main political parties in pre-war Japan.
founded in 1927
viewed Seiyukai as its main rival.
In 1928 election, won majority of seats in the lower house of Diet of Japan,became the most important party.

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Marunouchi district

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is a commercial district of Tokyo located in Chiyoda between Tokyo Station and the Imperial Palace. The name, meaning "inside the circle", derives from its location within the palace's outer moat. It is a center of Japan's financial industry, as the country's three largest banks are headquartered there.

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Mitsukoshi Dept Store

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is an international department store chain with headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Mitsukoshi is the root of Mitsui group.

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Shinjinkai (New Man Society)

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radical student organization)

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Matsukata Deflation - 1881-84

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farmers and silk producers, farmers going into debt borrowing money to produce silk. The Japanese economy was in a crisis situation due to rampant inflation. Matsukata introduced a policy of fiscal restraint that resulted in what has come to be called the "Matsukata Deflation." The economy was eventually stabilized, but the resulting crash in commodity prices caused many smaller landholders to lose their fields to money-lending neighbors.

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Matsukata Masayoshi -

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was a Japanese politician and Prime Minister of Japan.

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Iwakura Mission

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a Japanese diplomatic journey around the world, initiated in 1871 by the oligarchs of the Meiji era. it is the most well-known and possibly most important for the modernization of Japan after a long period of isolation from the West. A year and a half trip. First stop was San Francisco. 1871-73.

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Iwakura Tomomi 1825 - 1883)

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was a Japanese statesman who played an important role in the Meiji Restoration, influencing opinions of the Imperial Court.

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Fukoku kyôhei - "Enrich the country, strengthen the military")

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was Japan's national slogan during the Meiji Era, The slogan was the central objective of the Meiji leaders. Fukoku kyohei entailed the formulation of far-reaching policies to transform Japanese society in an all out effort to catch up with the West. Originating from the Iwakura Mission to Europe, the phrase not only demonstrated national objectives, but also revealed awareness of the predatory nature of international politics at the time.

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Zaibatsu

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huge financial combines were at the center of the modern economy. Had their hand in everything. Mitsuibuishi for example. is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant parts of the Japanese economy from the Meiji period until the end of World War II.

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Age of Neologism: Dramatic Cultural Change
An new vocabulary was invented in Japan

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Religion: Shūkyō　　
Rights: Kenri　
Society/social: Shakai　
Philosophy: Tetsugaku
Literature: Bungaku
Company： Kaisha　
Science: Kagaku　
Nation, People：Kokumin 　
Asia: Ajia

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Fukuzawa Yukichi –

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most important of the wordsmiths, offered a critique of status quo. Japan lacks sense of a nation. There was a state and a government but no sense of a nation.

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Kishida Toshiko (1863-1901)

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was a Japanese feminist.
a popular orator dedicated to the rights of people, particularly women.

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Fukuda Hideko

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was a prominent figure, often referred to as "Japan's Joan of Arc," in the Freedom and Popular Rights Movement in Japan during the 1880s. Fukuda Hideko began her active involvement in the Movement after hearing speeches given by Kishida Toshiko in 1882, a popular orator dedicated to the rights of people, particularly women.

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Yamagata Aritomo

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(1838-1922), was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and twice Prime Minister of Japan. He is considered one of the architects of the military and political foundations of early modern Japan. Yamagata Aritomo can be seen as the father of Japanese militarism. His support for many autocratic and aggressive policies directly undermined the development of an open society, and contributed to the coming of the Second World War.

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Okakura Kakuzō 1862 – 1913;

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was a Japanese scholar who contributed to the development of arts in Japan. Outside Japan, he is chiefly remembered today as the author of The Book of Tea.

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Tenmei famine -

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1783 one of two dramatic and destructive famines that struck Japan in the late 18th and early 19th century. (Other was Tempo famine.) sparked by massive volcano eruption. Mudslives and flooding. Was in northeast Japan or Edo. Led to crop failures and starvation.

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Tempō famine -

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1833-36 was worst, four summers of cold wet weather and poor crops. Farmers were unable to get any crops, was riots and starvations. Among peasanst, daimyos in the cities as well. Farmers fled to Osaka and Edo.

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Ōshio Heihachirō –

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led the first samurai rebellion in 200 years 1837. Was a midrank samurai official in Osaka. Upset at the poverty of the city people that he is responsible for. The was another sign to the daimyo that it was something wrong with their world.

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Aizawa Seishisai (1782-1863) -

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one of the national learning scholars. Wrote Shinron, New Theses, was a Japanese nationalist thinker of the Mito school during the late shogunate period. In 1825 he wrote his Shinron ("New Theses"), a collection of essays that mainly dealt with the concept of kokutai ("national polity"), a term which Aizawa popularised. The Shinron warned of the threat of foreign ships and later became an important work for the sonnō jōi movement.

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Shinron (New Theses)

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whats wrong with our world and what should be done about it. Written in 1834 by Aizawa Seishisai. Writes it as a reformer to give Tokugawa ideas on how to reform themselves. Themes of merit, rulers are no longer meritorious, idea of Japan as a sacred realm, the land of the gods, at the beginning of passage he likens the world as a body and Japan as the head and US as the ass.

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Sakuma Shōzan (1811-1864)

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another who had ideas that they had to rescue the nation but with an important twist. Innovation was to say that these have some useful technology, wanted to open up Japan to ideas of the west. Eastern Ethics and Western Science, bring this in to booster our own ethics. Moral tradition should be carried forward but to succeed must borrow some of their ideas. We have got to change in our instruments but not in our essence.

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Yoshida Shōin, 1830-59 –

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was one of the most distinguished intellectuals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate. a charismatic scholar-samurai in Choshu. He didn’t live long, was jailed and executed, was seen as a revolutionary. Crystalized a bunch of revolutionary ideas and his followers carried them forward.

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Satsuma-

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was one of the most powerful feudal domains in Tokugawa Japan,

played a major role in the Meiji Restoration and in the government of the Meiji period which followed. Controlled throughout the Edo period by the tozama daimyō of the Shimazu clan, its territory spanned the provinces of Satsuma, Osumi and the south-west region of Hyūga on the island of Kyūshū, and had the Ryūkyū Kingdom as a vassal state. One of the domains that spearheaded attack on tokugawa – Outer han, hated tokugawa, high population, high ratio of samurai, financially solvent.

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Chōshū -

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another of the domains that spearheaded attack on the tokugawa. was a feudal domain of Japan during the Edo period (1603–1867) occupying the whole of modern day Yamaguchi Prefecture. The domain played a major role in the Late Tokugawa shogunate.

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Tosa -

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domain that opposed the Tokugawa in their rise to power in 1600 during the Edo period.

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gūmin (stupid commoners)

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termed by Aizawa, commoners are gullible and stupid, talks about them in the new Theses. Hardly to be trusted.

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fukoku kyōhei

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(rich country, strong army)

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Itagaki Taisuke

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was a Japanese politician and leader of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. Former samurai. Moved in and out of government.

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Rangaku

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“Dutch Learning”, or “Western learning” , a body of knowledge which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641–1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate’s policy of national isolation (sakoku).

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Kawaraban

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short statement of the news. A newspaper.

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Charter Oath of 1868

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outlined the goals and course of action for Emperor Meiji's reign, set the legal stage for Japan's modernization. influential, less for governing than inspiring, and can be considered the first constitution of modern Japan.

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New Theses (Shinron)

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In 1825, a collection of essays that mainly dealt with the concept of ("national polity"), a term which Aizawa popularised. The Shinron warned of the threat of foreign ships and later became an important work for the sonnō jōi movement.

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Tale of Genji

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Murasaki Shikibu's epic-length novel, probes the psychological, romantic and political workings of mid-Heian Japan. Court society, which served as the subject of the novel. The tale spreads across four generations, splashed with poetry and romance and heightened awareness to the fleeting quality of life. tale of love, sex, and politics explores a complex web of human and spiritual relationships. This focus on characters and their emotional experience, as compared to plot, reader. consider Genji to be the world's first great novel.

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The Imperial Rescript on Education

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was signed by Emperor Meiji of Japan in 1890 to articulate government policy on the guiding principles of education on the Empire of Japan. The 315 character document was read aloud at all important school events, and students were required to study and memorize the text.

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AN OUTLINE PLAN FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF JAPAN

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Kita Ikki's suggestions for the changes necessary in Japanese society. Written in 1919, the book was printed secretly and passed from hand to hand by Kita's as­sociates. The outline plan consists of cryptic announcements of steps to be taken, followed by notes justifying the steps and antic­ipating probable objections.

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The Constitution of Japan/ Meiji Constitution

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is the fundamental legal document of the State of Japan. Enacted after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, it provided for a form of constitutional absolute monarchy.