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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of infusion therapy
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The delivery of parenteral medications and fluids through catheters.
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Goals of Infusion Therapy
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1- Achieving normal fluid and electrolyte balance. 2-Achieving optimal nutrition status. 3-Maintaining hemostasis through blood and blood component administration. 4-Treating numerous conditions with medications.
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Normal plasma osmolarity
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290 mOsm/L (Isotonic)
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Hypertonic range
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above 350 mOsm/L
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Hypotonic rage
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below 250 mOsm/L
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When should a peripheral vein not be used?
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If the substance being infused has a pH less than 5 or greater than 9 and if the osmolarity is greater than 500 mOsm/L
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Infiltration
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DEFINITION: Leakage of a non-vesicant IV solution or medication into the extravascular tissue
TREATMENT: Stop infusion and remove short peripheral catheter immediately after identification. Apply sterile dressing if weeping from tissue occurs. Apply cold compresses. Elevate extremitity if it increases client comfort. Insert a new catheter in the opposite extremity. For all central venous catheters obtain a dye study. For implanted port, remove and insert a new port access needle. |
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Extravasation
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DEFINITION: Leakage of vesicant IV solution or medication into the extravascular tissue.
TREATMENT: Stop infusion and dissconect set. Aspirate drug from catheter. Leave catheter in place to deliver antidote. Apply cold compresses for all drugs EXCEPT vinca alkaloids and epipodophyllotoxins. Photograph site. Monitor, may need surgery, provide pt with instructions. |
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Phlebitis and post-infusion phlebitis
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DEFINITION: Inflammation of the vein.
TREATMENT:Remove short peripheral catherter and first sign of phlebitis. Warm compresses to relive pain. Monitor, document with phlebitis scale. Mechanical phlebitis occuring in the first week after PICC insertion may be treated without catheter removal. Apply continuous heat; rest and elevate the extremity. |
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Thrombosis
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DEFINITION: Blood clot in the vein.
TREATMENT:Stop the infusion and remove short peripheral catheter immediately. Apply cold compresses to decrease blood flow and stabilize the clot. Elevate the extremity. For central venous catheters notify physician. |
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Thrombophlebitis
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DEFINITION: The presence of a blood clot and vein inflammation.
TREATMENT: Stop infusion and remove catherter. Apply cold compresses initially followed by warm |
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Site infection
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DEFINITION: Localized redness and hardness at the IV site caused by invasion of microorganisms in the absence of simultaneous bloodstream infection.
TREATMENT: Clean exit site w/ alcohol, expressing drainage if present. Amputate catherter tip into a steril container. Send catheter tip for culture if ordered. Cover site with alcohol and cover with dry sterile dressing. |
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Venous Spasm
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DEFINITION: A sudden contraction of the vein or artery.
TREATMENT: Temporaily slow infusion rate. Apply warm compress. does not require immediate removal of catheter. If occuring during midline catherter or PICC removal, do not apply tension or attempt forceful removal. Reapply a dressing, apply heat, encourage client to drink warm liquids, and keep extremity covered and dry. 12 to 24 hr may be required before catheter can be removed. |
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Nerve damage
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DEFINITION: Inadvertant piercing or complete transection of a nerve.
TREATMENT: Stop and remove |
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Circulatory overload
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DEFINITION: Disruption of fluid homeostasis with excess fluid in the circulatory system.
TREATMENT: Slow the IV rate and notify the physician; raise client to an upright position; monitor vital signs and administer oxygen and diuretics as ordered. |
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Speed shock
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DEFINITION: Systemic reaction to the rapid infusion of a substance unfamiliar to the client's circulatory system.
TREATMENT: Immediately discontinue the drug infusion and hang D5W to keep the vein open; monitor VS carefully and notify physician for further treatment orders. |
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Catheter embolism
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DEFINITION: A shaving or peice of catheter breaks off and floats freely in the vessel.
TREATMENT: Discontinue catheter and apply a tourniquet high on the limb of the catheter site; inspect catheter for any rough edges; an x-ray is taken to determine the presence of any catheter piece. Surgical intervention may be necessary. |
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Air embolism
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DEFINITION: Air enters the central venous system.
TREATMENT: Clamp catheter immediately. Place client in lateral Trendelenburg position on left side (traps air in right side of heart till echo and prevent PE). Notify physician immediately. Give oxygen, ABG's, Electrocardiogram. |
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Arterial punture
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DEFINITION: Cannulation of an artery.
TREATMENT: Remove needle immediately and apply pressure. Secure a pressure dressing for 5-10 mins. |
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Phlebitis of central venous catheters
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DEFINITION: Inflammation of the vein wall.
TREATMENT: Mechanical phlebitis- warm compress applied for 20 min four times daily for about 48-72 hr. Mild exercise. Chemical phlebitis- change catheter or medication. |
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Homeostasis
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The condition of being as close to normal as possible for proper body system functioning.
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Two major functions of body fluids
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1- body fluids act as solvents for nutrients, electrolytes, and other substances.
2- Body fluids act as a transport medium for hormones, blood cells, and nutrients. |
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Direction of fluid flow when hypertonic fluids are infused
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When hypertonic fluids are infused, water is pulled from the isosmotic fluid space into the hyperosmotic fluid space untill an osmotic balance occurs.
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Direction of fluid flow when hypotonic fluids are infused
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When hypotonic fluids are infused, water tends to be pulled from the hypoosmotic fluid space into the isosmotic fluid space untill an osmotic balance occurs.
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Isotonic dehydration is treated with?
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Isotonic: 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose in water, LR
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Hypotonic dehydration is treated with?
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Hypertonic: 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose in 0.45%saline
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Hypertonic dehydration is treated with?
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Hypotonic: 0.45% saline
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What solution can be given with blood transfusion?
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Normal Saline
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Why is D5W contraindicated when giving blood?
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It causes hemolysis of blood cells.
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What infusions are acceptable to add to blood products?
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No infusion may safely be added to any blood product.
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Any severe reactions from a blood transfusion usually occur within the first
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50 ml of blood
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