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472 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organs make up the pelvic viscera?
|
urinary organs
male/female internal organs rectum |
|
|
What are the 3 urinary organs?
|
ureters
urinary bladder urethra |
|
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What are the 5 male internal organs?
|
ductus deferens
seminal glands ejaculatory ducts prostate bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands |
|
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What are the 4 female internal organs?
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vagina
uterus uterine (fallopian) tubes ovaries |
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What is the smooth muscular tube that connects the kidneys to the bladder?
|
ureters
|
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Are the ureters retroperitoneal?
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yeppers
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Where do the ureters cross the common iliac bifucation?
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pelvic brim
|
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Where do kidney stones tend to lodge?
|
pelvic brim
|
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What follows the lateral walls of the pelvis and runs between the parietal pelvic peritoneum and internal iliac artery?
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ureters
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What drains the inferior aspect of the ureters?
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vesical venous plexus
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What enters the urinary bladder at an oblique angle to form a one way "flap" valve?
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ureters
|
|
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What causes the ureter canal to collapse?
|
intraluminal (intramural) pressure
bladder muscle contraction |
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What prevents urine reflucx into the renal pelvis/calices?
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one way "flap" valve of the ureters
|
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What continuously transports urine to the bladder?
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peristaltic activity of the ureters
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|
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Where is the ductus deferens in men?
|
between the ureters and the peritoneum
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At what angle do the ureters enter the urinary bladder in men?
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posterosuperior (superior to seminal glands)
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Where do the ureters pass in regards to the uterine artery?
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medial to the origin of uterine artery
to level of ischial spine ureters pass POSTERIOR to uterine artery |
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At what angle do the ureters enter the urinary bladder in women?
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posterosuperior
|
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What arteries supply the ureters in men?
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common iliac artery
internal iliac artery inferior vesical artery |
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What arteries supply the ureters in women?
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common iliac artery
internal iliac artery ovarian artery uterine artery |
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What is the efferent innervation of the ureters?
|
from adjacent autonomic plexi:
renal plexus aortic plexus superior hypogastric plexus inferior hypogastric plexus |
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What is the afferent innervation of the ureters?
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follow sympathetic fibers retrogradely to T11-L2
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Is the pain from the ipsilateral lower quadrant/groin area localized?
|
nope
|
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What is a temporary reservoir for urine?
|
urinary bladder
|
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Where does the bladder reside when empty?
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posterosuperior to the pubic bones
|
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Where is the retropubic space?
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between bladder and pubic bones
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What is organ is located on the pubic bones and pubic symphysis?
|
urinary bladder
|
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What holds the bladder in place?
|
lateral ligaments of bladder
tendinous arch of pelvic fascia |
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What is the tendinous arch of pelvic fascia in men?
|
puboprostatic ligament
|
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What is the tendinous arch of pelvic fascia in women?
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pubovesical ligament
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Where does the bladder reside in children?
|
in abdomen
(descends into lesser pelvis in adults) |
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What happens to the bladder when it fills?
|
enters the greater pelvis (to the level of the umbilicus)
|
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Does the bladder empty fully?
|
yeppers
|
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How many surfaces does the urinary bladder have?
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4
|
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What are the 4 surfaces of the urinary bladder?
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superior
2 inferolateral posterior |
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What region of the bladder points to the superior edge of the pubic symphysis?
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apex
|
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What region of the bladder is between the body and fundus (main portion)?
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body
|
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What region is opposite from the apex and is convex to the posterior wall?
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fundus
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What muscle forms the walls of the bladder?
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detrusor muscle
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What prevents retrograde ejaculation back into the urinary bladder?
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internal urethral sphincter
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Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
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involuntary
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What assists in opening the internal urethral orifice?
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arrangement of fibers
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In males, what are the fibers of the urinary bladders continuous with?
|
prostate
|
|
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In females, what are the fibers of the urinary bladder continuous with?
|
urethra
|
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What forms the trigone of the bladder?
|
2 ureteric orifices
internal ureteric orifice |
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What type of muscle does the ureteric orifices have?
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circular muscle
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What prevents retrograde flow of urine during urination
|
circular muscle of the ureteric orifices
|
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What is the main arterial supply to the urinary bladder?
|
branches of the internal iliac artery
|
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What artery supplies the anterosuperior portions of the urinary bladder?
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superior vesical artery
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What artery supplies the fundus and neck of the urinary bladder in men?
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inferior vesical artery
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What artery supplies the fundus and neck of the urinary bladder in women?
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vaginal artery
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What artery sends small branches to the posteroinferior portions of the urinary bladder in women?
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vaginal artery
|
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Is the urinary bladder drained by paired veins?
|
yep
|
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In males, what envelopes the fundus of the bladder, prostate, seminal glands, ductus deferens, and inferior ends of the ureters?
|
vesical venous plexus
|
|
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In men, what drains into the inferior vesical veins?
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vesical venous plexus
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In men, what drains into the internal iliac veins?
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inferior vesical veins
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In females, what envelopes the pelvic portion of the urethra and neck of the bladder?
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vesical venous plexus
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In females, what receives blood from the dorsal vein of the clitoris?
|
vesical venous plexus
|
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In women, what communicates with the vaginal and uterovaginal venous plexi?
|
vesical venous plexus
|
|
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What does sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder do?
|
inhibits urination
|
|
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What is the route of the sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder?
|
from inferior thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord
to pelvic plexi through hypogastric plexus |
|
|
What is the function of the parasympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder?
|
contraction of detrusor muscles
relaxation of internal urethral sphincter |
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What is the route of the parasympathetic innervaion of the urinary bladder?
|
from sacral spinal cord
via pelvic splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
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Are the sensory afferent fibers of the urinary bladder visceral?
|
sure thing
|
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What type of nerves do the sensory afferent nerves follow?
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sympathetic nerves
|
|
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What route do pain sensations of the urinary bladder travel?
|
along the sympathetic afferent nerves
|
|
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What do the stretch fibers of the urinary bladder do?
|
recognize overdistension of the bladder
|
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Is the external sphincter of the urinary bladder under voluntary or involuntary control?
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voluntary
|
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In men, what is the muscular tube from the internal urethral orifice (urinary bladder) to the external urethral orifice (glans penis)?
|
male urethra
|
|
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What exits from the urethra?
|
urine
semen (in men) |
|
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How many curves does the penis have in its flaccid state?
|
double curvature
|
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What are the 4 portions of the male urethra?
|
intramural (preprostatic)
prostatic intermediate spongy urethra |
|
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In men, what is the height of the intramural portion of the urethra when the bladder is filling?
|
high, increasing length of urethra
|
|
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In men, what is the height of the intramural portion of the urethra when the bladder is emptying?
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low, decreasing length of urethra?
|
|
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In what part of the male urethra is most semen introduced?
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prostatic
|
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What part of the male urethra descends through the anterior prostate?
|
prostatic
|
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What is the most prominant feature of the prostatic portion of the male urethra?
|
urethral crest (between prostatic sinuses)
|
|
|
Where do the secretory ducts of the prostate (prostatic ducts) empty?
|
prostatic portion of male urethra
|
|
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What part of the male urethra contains the prostatic utricle and opening of the ejculatory ducts?
|
prostatic
|
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What part of the male urethra extends from the lower aspect of the prostate to the base of the penis?
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intermediate
|
|
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Where does the spongy urethra begin?
|
corpus spoingiosum
|
|
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In women, what extends from the internal urethral orifice to the external urethra orifice (in vestibule)?
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female urethra
|
|
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What resides directly anterior to the vaginal orifice?
|
female urethra
|
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Is the internal urethral orifice an internal sphincter?
|
nope
|
|
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What are the paraurethral glands homologous to in men?
|
prostate
|
|
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What is the arterial supply of the male urethra?
|
prostatic branches of the inferior vesical and middle rectal artery
|
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What is the arterial supply of the female urethra?
|
internal pudendal artery
vaginal artery |
|
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What is the venous supply of the male urethra?
|
prostatic venous plexus
|
|
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What is the venous supply of the female urethra?
|
internal pudendal vein
vaginal vein |
|
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What is the nerve supply of the male urethra?
|
from prostatic plexus
(mixed sympathetic, parasympathetic, and afferent fibers) |
|
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What is the nerve supply of the female urethra?
|
vesical plexus
pudendal nerve |
|
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What begins at the tail of the epididymis (near testes)?
|
ductus deferens
|
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What is the primary component of the spermatic cord?
|
ductus deferens
|
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What enters the abdominal cavity via the inguinal canal?
|
ductus deferens
|
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What crosses the external iliac vessels and enters the pelvis?
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ductus deferens
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What resides along the lateral wall of the pelvis (retroperitoneal/subperitoneal)?
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ductus deferens
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What resides posterior to bladder and superior to the seminal gland?
|
ductus deferens
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What descends medial to the ureter and seminal glands?
|
ductus deferens
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What enlarges to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens?
|
ductus deferens
|
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What joins the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct?
|
ductus deferens
|
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What is the arterial supply to the ductus deferens?
|
artery of the ductus deferens from the superior vesical artery
|
|
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What is the venous supply to the ductus deferens?
|
into testicular vein, including distal pampiniform plexus
terminal portion into vesicular/prostatic venous plexi |
|
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What adds fluid to semen?
|
seminal glands
|
|
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In men, what is located between the fundus of the bladder and the rectum?
|
seminal glands
|
|
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What is superior to the prostate?
|
seminal glands
|
|
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What secretes a thick alkaline fulid with fructose and a coagulating agent?
|
seminal glands
|
|
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Do the seminal glands store sperm?
|
nope
|
|
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What are the seminal glands divided into?
|
superior portion
inferior portion |
|
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Which part of the seminal glands is covered in peritoneum?
|
superior portion
|
|
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Which part of the seminal glands is posterior to the ureters?
|
superior portion
|
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Which part of the seminal glands is separated from the rectum by the rectovesical pouch?
|
superior portion
|
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Which part of the seminal glands is separated from the rectum via the rectovesical septum?
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inferior portion
|
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Which part of the seminal glands joins with the ductus deferens to form the ejactulatory duct?
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inferior portion
|
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What is the arterial supply to the seminal glands?
|
inferior vesical artery
middle rectal artery |
|
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What is the venous drainage to the seminal glands?
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inferior vesical vein
middle rectal vein |
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What are slender tubes formed from the seminal glands and the ductus deferens?
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ejaculatory ducts
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What passes through the posterior portion of the prostate?
|
ejaculatory ducts
|
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What converge and open on the seminal colliculus?
|
ejaculatory ducts
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What is the arterial supply to the ejaculatory ducts?
|
artery of the ductus deferens
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|
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What is the venous drainage to the ejaculatory ducts?
|
prostatic plexus
vesical venous plexus |
|
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What is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system?
|
prostate
|
|
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Why is the prostate 2/3 glandular and 1/3 fibromuscular?
|
allows it to contract and eject fluid
|
|
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What surrounds the prostatic urethra?
|
prostate
|
|
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What is covered by a fibrous capsule (dense and neurovascular) with a prostatic plexus of veins and nerves?
|
prostate
|
|
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What is the visceral layer of pelvic fascia that surrounds the prostate anterolaterally?
|
puboprostatic ligament
|
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What is the visceral layer of pelvic fascia that surrounds the prostate posteriorly?
|
rectovesical septum
|
|
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What is a vertical trough-like hemisphincter separated from the pubic symphysis by retroperitoneal fat?
|
rhabdosphincter
|
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What are the 5 lobes of the prostate?
|
isthmus of the prostate
inferoposterior lobe right lateral lobe left lateral lobe middle (median) lobe |
|
|
What lobe of the prostate is anterior to the urethra?
|
isthmus of the prostate
|
|
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What lobe of the prostate is posterior to the urethra and inferior to the ejaculatory ducts?
|
inferoposterior lobe
|
|
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What lobes of the prostate are lateral to the urethra?
|
right and left lateral lobes
|
|
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What lobe of the prostate is between the urethra and ejaculatory duct?
|
middle (median) lobe
|
|
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What empty into the prostatic sinuses on the seminalo colliculus?
|
prostatic ducts
|
|
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What activates sperm?
|
prostatic secretions
|
|
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Can the sperm in ductus deferens be used to impregnate someone?
|
nope
|
|
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What is the arterial supply to the prostate?
|
prostatic artery
branch of interal iliac artery inferior vesical artery internal pudendal artery? middle rectal artery |
|
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What is the venous drainage of the prostate?
|
prostatic venous plexus
internal iliac veins |
|
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What is another name for bulbourethral glands?
|
Cowper's glands
|
|
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What is located posterolateral to the intermediate portion of the urethra?
|
Cowper's glands
|
|
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What is embedded in the external urethral sphincter?
|
Cowper's glands
|
|
|
Where do the ducts of the Cowper's glands pass?
|
through the perineal membrane
|
|
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Where do the ducts of the Cowper's glands open?
|
into the proximal spongy urethra
|
|
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What do Cowper's glands secrete?
|
a muscus-like secretion
|
|
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What are the presynaptic sympathetic fibers of the internal male genitalia?
|
from IML of T12-L3
|
|
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What becomes the lumbar splanchnic nerves and the hypogastric and pelvic plexi?
|
transverse paravertebral ganglia of the internal male genitalia
|
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Where do presynaptic sympathetic fibers of the male internal genitalia synapse?
|
within the plexi
on or near the pelvic viscera |
|
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What is the function of the sympathetic innervation of the male genitalia?
|
ejaculation
|
|
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What couses rapid peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens?
|
sympathetic male genitalia
|
|
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What increases secretions from the prostate and the seminal glands?
|
sympathetic innervation to the male genitalia
|
|
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What produces penile erection?
|
parasympathetic innervation to the male genitalia
|
|
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What female organ is a musculomembranous tube?
|
vagina
|
|
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What female organ resides from the uterine cervix to the vestibule?
|
vagina
|
|
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Where is the vestibule?
|
fcleft between labia minora
|
|
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What is the canal for menstrual fluid?
|
vagina
|
|
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What forms the inferior portion of the birth canal?
|
vagina
|
|
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What receives the penis and ejaculate during intercourse?
|
vagina
|
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What is usually collapsed and H-shaped, except at the cervix?
|
vagina
|
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What is posterior to the urethra and urinary bladder?
|
vagina
|
|
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What is anterior to the rectum?
|
vagina
|
|
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What are recesses around the cervix?
|
vaginal fornix
|
|
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What are the 4 vaginal fornix?
|
anterior vaginal fornix
posterior vaginal fornix 2 lateral vaginal fornix |
|
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What is the deepest vaginal fornix?
|
posterior vaginal fornix
|
|
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What vaginal fornix is closely related to the rectouterine pouch?
|
posterior vaginal fornix
|
|
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What is the arterial supply to the vagina?
|
superior uterine arteries
middle vaginal artery inferior vaginal artery internal pudendal artery |
|
|
What is the venous drainage of the vagina?
|
vaginal venous complex (portion of teh uterovaginal venous complx)
uterine veins internal iliac veins |
|
|
What are the 4 muscles that compress the vagina and function as sphincters?
|
pubovaginalis
external urethral sphincter urethrovaginal sphincter bulbospongiosus |
|
|
What is the thick walled, hollow, pear shaped organ?
|
uterus
|
|
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What is the site of ebryonic and fetal development?
|
uterus
|
|
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When does the uterine musculature expand?
|
during fetal development
|
|
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When does the uterine musculature contract?
|
childbirth
|
|
|
Where is the non-gravid (not pregnant) uterus?
|
lesser pelvis
|
|
|
What is an anteverted uterus?
|
tipped anterosuperiorly relative to the vagina
|
|
|
What is an anteflexed uterus?
|
flexed anteriorly relative to cervix
|
|
|
What will the uterus position change with?
|
volume of bladder and rectum
|
|
|
What is the superior portion between the uterine tubes?
|
fundus of uterus
|
|
|
What part of the uterine body is the superolateral portion where the uterine tubes enter?
|
uterine horns
|
|
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What part of the uterine body extends from the narrowing cervical canal to the anatomical internal os?
|
uterine cavity
|
|
|
What are the 2 surfaces of the uterine bodey?
|
vesical (related to the bladder)
intestinal |
|
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What is the anteroinferior uterine surface?
|
vesical
|
|
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What is the posterosuperior uterine surface?
|
intestinal
|
|
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What separates the body of the uterus from the cervix?
|
isthmus of the uterus
|
|
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What part of the uterus is cylindrical and relatively narrow?
|
cervix
|
|
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What are the 2 parts of the cervix?
|
supravaginal
vaginal |
|
|
What part of the cervix is between the isthmus and vagina?
|
supravaginal
|
|
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What part of the cervix is separated from the bladder by loose CT?
|
supravaginal
|
|
|
What part of the cervix is separated from the rectum via the rectouterine pouch?
|
supravaginal
|
|
|
What part of the cervix protrudes into the vagina?
|
vaginal
|
|
|
What part of the cervix is the external os of the uterus?
|
vaginal
|
|
|
What part of the cervix is surrounded by vaginal fornix?
|
vaginal
|
|
|
What are the 3 walls of the uterus?
|
perimetrium
myometrium endometrium |
|
|
What wall of the uterus is the serosal layer of the connective tissue/peritoneum?
|
perimetrium
|
|
|
What wall of the uterus is made of smooth muscle?
|
myometrium
|
|
|
What wall of the uterus has contractions regulated by oxytocin during childbirth?
|
myometrium
|
|
|
What wall of the uterus has an inner mucous lining?
|
endometrium
|
|
|
What wall of the uterus changes thickness during the menstrual cycle?
|
endometrium
|
|
|
What are the 9 uterine ligaments?
|
ligament of the ovary
round ligament of the uterus broad ligament of the uterus suspensory ligament of the ovary mesosalpinx mesovarium mesometrium transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament uterosacral ligaments |
|
|
What ligament attaches to the uterus posteroinferior to the uterotubal junction?
|
ligament of the ovary
|
|
|
What ligament attaches anteroinferiorly to the ligament of the ovary?
|
round ligament of the uterus
|
|
|
What 2 ligaments are vestiges of the female gubernaculum?
|
ligament of the ovary
round ligament of the uterus |
|
|
What ligament is a double layer of peritoneum?
|
broad ligament of the uterus
|
|
|
What ligament extends from the lateral walls of the uterus to the pelvic wal
|
broad ligament of the uterus
|
|
|
What ligament is the thickened portion of the broad ligament?
|
suspensory ligament of the ovary
|
|
|
What ligament contains the ovarian vessels?
|
suspensory ligament of the ovary
|
|
|
What ligament is the anterosupeior free border of the broad ligament?
|
mesosalpinx
|
|
|
What ligament contains the uterine tube?
|
mesosalpinx
|
|
|
What ligament is the mesentary containing the ovaries?
|
mesovarium
|
|
|
What ligament is the largest portion of the broad ligament?
|
mesometrium
|
|
|
What ligament is inferior to the mesosalpinx and mesovarium?
|
mesometrium
|
|
|
What ligament serves as mesentery for uterus?
|
mesometrium
|
|
|
What ligament extends from the cervix and lateral vaginal fornix to the lateral wall of the pelvis?
|
transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament
|
|
|
What ligaments pass superiorly and posteriorly from the cervix to the sacrum?
|
uterosacral ligaments
|
|
|
Wher is the vesicouterine pouch and superior surface of the bladder in relation to the uterus?
|
anterior
|
|
|
Where is the supravaginal portion of the cervix in relation to the uterus?
|
anterior
|
|
|
Where is the rectouterine pouch and anterior surface of the rectum in relation to the uterus?
|
posterior
|
|
|
Where does the visceral pelvic fascia attach the rectum to the uterus
|
posteriorly
|
|
|
Where is the broad ligament in relation to the uterine body?
|
lateral
|
|
|
Where does the fascial transverse cervical ligaments in relation to the cervix?
|
lateral
|
|
|
What is the arterial supply to the uterus?
|
uterine arteries
|
|
|
What supplies the placenta during pregnancy?
|
uterine arteries
|
|
|
What is the venous drainage of the uterus?
|
uterine veins
uterine venous plexus internal iliac veins |
|
|
What is the somatic innervations of the inferior vagina?
|
deep perineal nerve
|
|
|
What is the visceral innervation of the superior vagina and uterus/
|
uterovaginal nerve plexus
|
|
|
Where does the uterovaginal nerve plexus extend to the pelvic viscera from?
|
inferior hypogastric plexus
|
|
|
What type of nerve fibers are found in the superior portion of the vagina and uterus?
|
sympathetic
parasympathetic visceral afferent |
|
|
Where does the sympathetic innervation of the superior portion of the vagina and uterus originate?
|
inferior thoracic spinal cord segments
|
|
|
Where does the sympathetic innervation of the superior portion of the vagina and uterus pass?
|
lumbar splanchnic nerves
intermesenteric/hypogastric/pelvicplexi |
|
|
Where does the parasympathetic innervation of the vagina and uterus originate?
|
S2-S4
|
|
|
What extends from the ovaries to the uterine horns?
|
uterine tubes
|
|
|
What is the usual site of fertilization?
|
uterine tubes
|
|
|
What resides in the mesosalpinx?
|
uterine tubes
|
|
|
What are the 4 portions of the uterine tubes?
|
infundibulum
ampulla isthmus uterine part |
|
|
What part of the uterine tubes opens into the peritoneal cavity?
|
infundibulum
|
|
|
What part of the uterine tubes ends with fimbriae?
|
infundibulum
|
|
|
What part of the uterine tubes have abdominal ostia?
|
infundibulum
|
|
|
What part of the uterine tubes is the site of fertilization?
|
ampulla
|
|
|
What part of the uterine tubes enters the uterine wall?
|
isthmus
|
|
|
What part of the uterine tubes opens into the uterus via the uterine ostium?
|
uterine part
|
|
|
What is the site of ova development?
|
ovaries
|
|
|
Where are endocrine glands in women?
|
ovaries
|
|
|
What is attached to both the broad ligament and the lateral pelvic walls?
|
ovaries
|
|
|
What attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament?
|
mesovarium
|
|
|
What attaches the ovaries to the lateral pelvic walls?
|
suspensory ligament of the ovaries
|
|
|
What are the gonadal arteries?
|
ovarian arteries
testicular arteries |
|
|
What is the arteial supply to the ovaries?
|
ovarian arteries
uterine arteries |
|
|
What do the ovarian arteries come from?
|
abdominal aorta
|
|
|
What do the uterine arteries come from?
|
internal iliac artery
|
|
|
What do the uterine arteries bifurcate into?
|
tubal and ovarian branches
|
|
|
What is the venous drainage of the ovaries?
|
pampiniform plexus
ovarian vein |
|
|
What does the left ovarian vein drain into?
|
left renal vein
|
|
|
What does the right ovarian vein drain into/
|
IVC
|
|
|
What do the tubal veins drain into?
|
ovarian veins
uterine venous plexus |
|
|
What innervates the ovaries?
|
ovarian plexus
uterine plexus |
|
|
What nerve fibers ascend with the sympathetic fibers to T11-L1 spinal sensory ganglia?
|
visceral afferent pain fibers of ovaries
|
|
|
What nerve fibers ascend with the parasympathetic fibers through the uterine and inferior hypogastric plexi and pelvic splanchnic nerves to S2-S4 spinal sensory ganglia?
|
visceral afferent reflex fibers of ovaries
|
|
|
What is bounded by the pelvic outlet and separated by pelvic cavity by pelvic diaphragm?
|
perineal compartment
|
|
|
Where are the levator ani and coccygeus muscles?
|
perineal compartment
|
|
|
What is the diamond shaped area between the proximal portions of the thighs?
|
perineal area
|
|
|
What are the anterior surface features of the perineum?
|
mons pubis
|
|
|
What are the anterior osseoufibrous structures of the perineum?
|
pubic symphysis
|
|
|
What are the anterolateral osseoufibrous structures of the perineum?
|
inferior pubic
ischial rami |
|
|
What are the lateral surface features of the perineum?
|
medial surfaces of the thighs
|
|
|
What are the lateral osseoufibrous structures of the perineum?
|
ischial tuberosities
|
|
|
What are the posterolateral osseoufibrous structures of the perineum?
|
sacrotuberous ligaments
|
|
|
What are the posterior surface features of the perineum?
|
gluteal folds
natal cleft |
|
|
What are the posterior osseoufibrous structures of the perineum?
|
sacrum
coccyx |
|
|
What triangle contains the anal canal and anus surrounded by the ischioanal fat?
|
anal triangle
|
|
|
What "closed" triangle is a perineal membrane that covers the anterior portion of the pelvic outlet?
|
urogenital triangle
|
|
|
What is perforated by the urethra in both sexes?
|
perineal membrane
|
|
|
What is perforated by the vagina in females?
|
perineal membrane
|
|
|
What is the foundation for the erectile bodies of the external genitalia?
|
perineal membrane
ischiopubic rami |
|
|
What is the midpoint of the line connecting the ischial tuberosities?
|
central point of the perineum
|
|
|
What is the perineal body the site of?
|
convergence and interlacing of fibers from:
bublospongiousus external anal sphincter superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles external urethral sphincter levator ani muscles of the rectum |
|
|
What are the 2 perineal fasciae?
|
superficial perineal fascia
deep perineal fascia |
|
|
What is the subcutaneous tissue of the perineum?
|
superfiscial perineal fascia
|
|
|
What are the 2 layers of the superfiscial perineal fascia?
|
superficial fatty layer
deep membranous layer (Colles' fascia) |
|
|
In females, what makes up the labia majora and mons pubis continuous with Camper's fascia?
|
superficial fatty layer
|
|
|
In males, what makes up the dartos muscle in the penis and scrotum?
|
superficial fatty layer
|
|
|
What is continuous posteriorly with the ischioanal fat pad?
|
superficial fatty layer
|
|
|
What does not extend into the anal triangle?
|
deep membranous layer
|
|
|
What is laterally attached to the fascia lata?
|
deep membranous layer
|
|
|
What is continuous with Scarpa fascia anteriorly?
|
deep membranous layer
|
|
|
What is connective tissue around the muscles of the perineum?
|
deep perineal fascia
|
|
|
What is called the investing or Gallaudet fascia?
|
deep perineal fascia
|
|
|
What invests the ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, and superficial transverse perineal muscles?
|
deep perineal fascia
|
|
|
In males, what is continuous with the suspensory ligament of the penis and deep fascia of the external obliques and rectus sheath?
|
deep perineal fascia
|
|
|
In females, what is fused with the suspensory ligaments of the clitoris and deep fascia of the abdominal muscles?
|
deep perineal fascia
|
|
|
In males, what pouch contains the bulb of the penis and associated muscles (ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus)?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
In males, what pouch contains the spongy urethra?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
In males, what pouch contains deep perineal branches of the interneal pudendal vessels and nerves?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what pouch contains the clitoris (and isciocavernosus)?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what pouch contains the bulbs of vestibule?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what pouch contains the greater vestibular glands?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what pouch contains the superfiscial transverse perineal muscles?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what pouch contains the deep perineal branches of teh internal pudendal vessels and nerves?
|
superfiscial perineal pouch
|
|
|
What pouch contains part of the urethra?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
What pouch contains the inferior portions of the external urethral sphincter?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
What pouch contains the anterior extensions of the ischioanal fat pads?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
In males, what pouch contains the intermediate portion of the urethra?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
In males, what pouch contains the deep perineal muscles?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
In males, what pouch contains the bulbourethral glands?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
In males, what pouch contains the dorsal neurovascular structures of the penis?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what pouch contains the proximal part of the urethra?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what pouch contains the mass of smooth muscle, in place of deep transverse perineal muscles?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
In females, what dorsal neurovascular structures of the clitoris?
|
deep perineal pouch
|
|
|
What is a large, fascia-lined, wedge-shaped spaces between the skin of the anal region and pelvic diaphragm?
|
ischioanal fossae
|
|
|
What apex is formed by levator ani muscles and obturator fascia?
|
ischioanal fossae
|
|
|
What fossae widens inferiorly and is filled with fat and loose connective tissue?
|
ischioanal fossae
|
|
|
What supports the anal canal but permits descent and expansion of the anal canal during the passage of feces?
|
ischioanal fossae
|
|
|
What comminucates via the deep postanal space over the anococcygeal ligament?
|
right and left ischioanal fossae
|
|
|
What is the lateral boundary of the ischioanal fossae?
|
ischium fascia
obturator fascia (obturator internus) |
|
|
What is the medial boundary of the ischioanal fossae?
|
external anal sphincter
|
|
|
What is the posterior boundary of the ischioanal fossae?
|
sacrotuberous ligament
gluteus maximus |
|
|
What is the anterior boundary of the ischioanal fossae?
|
pubic bones
|
|
|
What is the passageway through the obturator fascia at the lesser sciatic notch, inferior to the ischial spine?
|
pudendal canal
|
|
|
What contains the internal pudendal artery and vein, pudendal nerve, and the nerve of the obturator internus?
|
pudendal canal
|
|
|
What supplies the external anal sphincter and perianal skin?
|
internal pudendal aretery and nerve
inferior rectal artery and nerve |
|
|
What do the superfiscial perineal nerves give rise to?
|
posterior scrotal (or labial cutaneous) branches
deep perineal nerve |
|
|
What innervates the scrotum/labia majora?
|
superfiscial perineal nerves
|
|
|
What nerve supplies the muscles of the deep and superficial perineal pouches?
|
deep perineal nerve
|
|
|
What supplies the skin of the vestibule?
|
deep perineal nerve
|
|
|
What supplies the mucosa of the inferiormost portions of the vagina?
|
deep perineal nerve
|
|
|
What gives rise to the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris?
|
deep perineal nerve
|
|
|
What is a branch off the sacral plexus?
|
pudendal nerve
|
|
|
What is the terminal portion of the GI tract?
|
anal canal
|
|
|
What extends from the pelvic diaphragm to the anus?
|
anal canal
|
|
|
What is narrowed by the puborectalis sling?
|
anal canal
|
|
|
What are the 2 external sphincters of the anal canal?
|
internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter |
|
|
What anal sphincter is made of involuntary circular muscle?
|
internal anal sphincter
|
|
|
What does sympathetic innervation do to the internal anal sphincter?
|
constriction
|
|
|
What does parasympathetic innervation do to the internal anal sphincter?
|
relaxation
|
|
|
What is the voluntary sphincter of the anal canal?
|
external anal canal
|
|
|
What sphincter is attached anteriorly to the perineal body?
|
external anal sphincter
|
|
|
What sphincter is attached posteriorly via the anococcygeal ligament?
|
external anal sphincter
|
|
|
What blends superiorly with the puborectalis muscle?
|
external anal sphincter
|
|
|
What are the 3 zones of the external anal sphincter?
|
deep
superfiscial subcutaneous |
|
|
What is supplied mainly by S4 through the inferior rectal nerve?
|
external anal sphincter
|
|
|
What has longitudinal ridges and contain the terminal branches of the superior rectal artery?
|
anal columns
|
|
|
Where does the rectum join the anal canal?
|
anorectal junction
|
|
|
What narrows as the anal canal transverse the pelvic diaphragm?
|
anorectal junction
|
|
|
What are at the inferior ends of the anal columns?
|
anal valves
|
|
|
What exude mucus, which aids in defecation?
|
anal sinuses
|
|
|
What is the division between the superior part of the anal canal and the inferior part of the rectum?
|
pectinate lines
|
|
|
What is the arterial supply superior to the pectinate line?
|
inferior mesentaric artery
superior rectal artery |
|
|
What is the venous drainage superior to the pectinate line?
|
superior rectal vein
inferior mesenteric vein portal venous system |
|
|
What is the innervation superior to the pectinate line?
|
inferior hypogastric plexus
|
|
|
What is the arterial supply inferior to the pectinate line?
|
internal iliac artery
inferior rectal arteries |
|
|
What is the venous drainage inferior to the pectinate line?
|
inferior rectal veins
caval venous system |
|
|
What is the innervation inferior to the pectinate line?
|
inferior anal (rectal) nerves
|
|
|
Is the visceral motor supply superior or inferior to the pectinate line?
|
superior
|
|
|
Is sensory innervation found superior or inferior to the pectinate line?
|
superior
|
|
|
Is the mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation found superior or inferior to the pectinate line?
|
superior
|
|
|
Is the somatic motor and sensory innervation found superior or inferior to the pectinate line?
|
inferior
|
|
|
What are the 4 portions of the distal male urethra?
|
intramural
prostatic intermediate spongy |
|
|
What part of the distal male urethra begins at the prostate and transverses the perineal pouch?
|
intermediate
|
|
|
What part of the distal male urethra ends as the urethra enters the bulb of the penis?
|
intermediate
|
|
|
What empty into the proximal spongy urethra?
|
bulbourethral glands
|
|
|
What part of the distal male urethra ends at the external urethral orifice?
|
spongy
|
|
|
What are the 2 expanded portions of the spongy distal male urethra?
|
intrabulbar fossa
navicular fossa |
|
|
Where is the intrabulbar fossa?
|
in bulb of penis
|
|
|
Where is the navicular fossa?
|
in glans penis
|
|
|
What is the arterial supply to the distal male urethra?
|
dorsal artery of the penis
|
|
|
What is the venous drainage to the distal male urethra?
|
dorsal vein of the penis
|
|
|
What is the innervation of the intermediate distal male urethra?
|
autonomic innervation via prostatic nerve plexus from the inferior hypogastric plexus
|
|
|
What is the sympathetic innervation of the intermediate distal male urethra?
|
from lumbar spinal cord via lumbar splanchnic nerves
|
|
|
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the intermediate distal male urethra?
|
pelvic splanchnic nerves
|
|
|
What is the visceral afferent innervation of the intermediate distal male urethra?
|
retrograde with parasympathetic fibers to sacral spinal sensory ganglia
|
|
|
What is the innervation to the spongy distal male urethra?
|
pudendal nerve
|
|
|
What is a cutaneous fibromuscular sac?
|
scrotum
|
|
|
What is the midline inferior aspect of the scrotum?
|
srotal raphe
|
|
|
What is deep to the scrotal raphe?
|
septum of scrotum
|
|
|
What is the arterial supply to the scrotum?
|
anterior scrotal artery
posterior scrotal artery cremasteric artery |
|
|
What is the venous drainage of the scrotum?
|
drain primarily into external pudendal veins
|
|
|
What are the to innervation aspects of the scrotum?
|
anterior aspect
posterior aspect |
|
|
What aspect of the innervation of the scrotum is from derivatives of the lumbar plexus?
|
anterior aspect
|
|
|
What aspect of the innervation of the scrotum is from derivatives of the sacral plexus?
|
posterior aspect
|
|
|
What is the innervation of the anterior aspect of the scrotum?
|
anterior scrotal nerves
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve |
|
|
What is the innervation of the posterior aspect of the scrotum?
|
posterior scrotal nerves
perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve |
|
|
What are the sympathetic fibers of the scrotum?
|
cremasteric reflex
|
|
|
What is the cremasteric reflex?
|
causes the scrotum to constrict in cold water
|
|
|
What are the 3 parts of the penis?
|
root/bulb
body/shaft glans/head |
|
|
What is the attached part of the penis that contains the crura, bulb, and muscles?
|
root
|
|
|
What part of the penis is in the superficial perineal pouch?
|
root
|
|
|
What parts of the penis contain erectile tissue?
|
crura
bulb |
|
|
What part of the penis is suspended by the pubic symphysis?
|
body
|
|
|
What part of the penis contains no muscles?
|
body
|
|
|
What part of the penis has thin skin, connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels?
|
body
|
|
|
What is the head of the penis?
|
glans
|
|
|
What part of the penis is the distal extension of the corpus spongiosum?
|
glans
|
|
|
What part of the penis may be covered to varying degrees by prepuce (foreskin)?
|
glans
|
|
|
What are the 3 cylindrical bodies of the penis
|
2 lateral corpora cevernosa
1 inferior medial corpus spongiosum |
|
|
Which cylindrical body of the penis has venous constriction and arterial dialation during erection?
|
lateral corpora cavernosa
|
|
|
Which cylindrical body of the penis is surrounded by tunica albuginea?
|
lateral corpora cavernosa
|
|
|
Which cylindrical body of the penis is separated by septum penis?
|
lateral corpora cavernosa
|
|
|
Which cylindrical bodies of the penis are continuous with each other, except at the crura of the penis?
|
lateral corpora cavernosa
|
|
|
Which cylindrical body of the penis contains spongy urethra?
|
inferior medial corpus spongiosum
|
|
|
What surrounds corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum?
|
deep fascia of the penis
|
|
|
What is another name for the deep fascia of the penis?
|
Buck's fascia
|
|
|
What is continuous with the deep perineal fascia?
|
deep fascia of the penis
|
|
|
What ligament runs from the anterior surface of the pubic symphysis to the penis?
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
|
What ligament attaches to the deep fascia of the penis at the root/body?
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
|
What ligament anchors the penile tissue to the pubic symphysis?
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
|
What are the 3 branches of the internal pudendal artery?
|
dorsal arteries of the penis
deep arteries of the penis arteries of the bulb of the penis |
|
|
What artery runs lateral to the deep dorsal vein?
|
dorsal arteries of the penis
|
|
|
What artery runs between the tunica albuginea and deep fascia?
|
dorsal arteries of the penis
|
|
|
What artery enters the crura proximally and runs distally near the center of the corpora cavernosa?
|
deep arteries of the penis
|
|
|
What artery supplies the erectile tissues?
|
deep arteries of the penis
|
|
|
What artery gives rise to the helicine arteries of the penis?
|
deep arteries of the penis
|
|
|
What artery supplies the bulbous portion of the corpus spongiosum, urethra, and bulbourethral glands?
|
arteries of the bulb of the penis
|
|
|
What is the venous drainage from the corpora cavernosa?
|
deep dorsal vein of the penis
prostatic venous plexus |
|
|
What is the venous drainage from the superficial coverings?
|
superficial dorsal vein
superficial external pudendal vein |
|
|
What is the sensory and sympathetic innervation of the pernis?
|
dorsal nerve of the penis
|
|
|
What does the dorsal nerve of the penis supply?
|
skin and glans of the penis
|
|
|
What innervates the skin at the root of the penis?
|
ilioinguinal nerve
|
|
|
What are the 2 perineal muscles of the male?
|
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus |
|
|
What perineal muscle is a constrictor that compresses the bulb of the penis and corpus spongiosum?
|
bulbospongiosus
|
|
|
What perineal muscle assists in erection by increasing pressure on the erectile tissue in the root?
|
bulbospongiosus
|
|
|
What perineal muscle compresses the deep dorsal vein, impeding venous drainage and promoting englargement and turgidity?
|
bulbospongiosus
|
|
|
What is the perineal muscle surrounds the crura in the root of the penis?
|
ischiocavernosus
|
|
|
What is the perineal muscle that forces blood into the distal portions of the corpora cavernosa?
|
ischiocavernosus
|
|
|
What is the perineal muscle that increases turgidity during erection?
|
ischiocavernosus
|
|
|
What perineal muscle reduces venous outflow by constriction of the deep dorsal vein?
|
ischiocavernosus
|
|
|
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the penis?
|
S2-S4 via prostatic nerve plexus
|
|
|
What type of innervation is responsible for erection of the penis?
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
What relaxes to allow blood to flow into and dilate the cavernous spaces of the penis?
|
coiled helicine arteries
|
|
|
What muscles compress the veins of the penis?
|
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus |
|
|
How is semen delivered to the prostatic urethra?
|
peristalsis of the ductus deferens and seminal glands
|
|
|
What engorges the penis with blood to increase turgidity?
|
corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum |
|
|
What happens when the smooth muscle of the prostate contracts?
|
prostatic fluid is added to the semen
|
|
|
What type of innervation is responsible for emission?
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
What type of innervation is responsible for ejaculation?
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
What 2 muscles contract during ejaculation?
|
urethral muscle
bulbospongiosus muscle |
|
|
What sphincter closes during ejaculation?
|
urethral sphincter
|
|
|
What are the external female genitalia?
|
mons pubis
labia majora labia minora clitoris vestiblue bulbs of vestibule vestibular glands |
|
|
What is the mons pubis anterior to?
|
pubic symphysis
pubic tubercules superior pubic rami |
|
|
What external female genitalia is formed by fatty mass of subcutaneous tissue?
|
mons pubis
|
|
|
What external female genitalia contains loose subcutaneous tissue and smooth muscle?
|
labia majora
|
|
|
What external female genitalia provides protection for the urethral and vaginal orifices?
|
labia majora
|
|
|
What external female genitalia is the termination point of the round ligaments?
|
labia majora
|
|
|
What external female genitalia is lateral to the pudendal cleft?
|
labia majora
|
|
|
What part of the labia majora is pigmented, has pubic hair, and has sebaceous glands?
|
external aspects
|
|
|
What part of the labia majora is smooth, pink, and hairless?
|
internal aspects
|
|
|
Where does the labia majora meed anteriorly?
|
anterior commisure
|
|
|
Where does the labia majorra meet posteriorly?
|
posterior commisure
|
|
|
What external female genitalia is enclosed in the pudendal cleft, fat free, and hairless?
|
labia minora
|
|
|
What external female genitalia immediately surround the vestibule?
|
labia minora
|
|
|
What are the 2 lamina of the labia minora?
|
medial laminae
lateral laminae |
|
|
What lamina of the labia minora anteriorly becomes the frenulum of the clitoris?
|
medial laminae
|
|
|
What lamina of the labia minora anteriorly becomes the prepuce (foreskin) of the clitoris?
|
lateral laminae
|
|
|
What does the labia minora become when it connects posteriorly?
|
frenulum of the labia minora
|
|
|
What is erectile tissue where labia minora meet anteriorly?
|
clitoris
|
|
|
What are the 5 parts of the clitoris?
|
2 crura
2 corpora cavernosa glans |
|
|
What part of the clitoris is the most highly innervated?
|
glans
|
|
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What is the space surrounding the labia minora?
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vestibule
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What contains the orifices of the urethra and vagina?
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vestibule
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What happens to the hymen after it is ruptured?
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hymenal caruncles
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What are paired masses of elongaged erectile tissue?
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bulbs of vestibule
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What are the 2 vestibular glands?
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greater
lesser |
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What vestibular gland is posterolateral to the vaginal orifice, inferior to the perineal membrane in the superfiscial perineal pouch?
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greater
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What vestibular gland secrete mucus into the vestible during sexual arousal?
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greater
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What vestibular gland is also known as Bartholin glands?
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greater
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What vestibular gland is open into vestible between the urethral and vaginal orifices?
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lesser
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What vestibular gland secretes mucus which moisten the labia and vestibule?
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lesser
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What is the arterial supply to the female genitals?
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external and internal pudendal arteries
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What does the internal pudendal artery supply?
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skin
external genitalia perineal muscles |
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What is the venous drainage of the female genitalia?
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internal pudendal veins
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What is the innervation to the anterior aspect of the vulva?
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lumbar plexus
anterior labial nerves genital branch |
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What is the innervation to the postior aspect of the vulva?
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sacral plexus
perineal branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh pudendal nerve |
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What is the primary nerve of the perineum?
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pudendal nerve
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What nerves supply the labia?
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posterior labial nerves
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What nerves supply the orifice of the vagina and superficial perineal muscles?
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deep and muscular branches of the perineal nerve
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What nerve supplies the deep perineal muscles and the clitoris?
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dorsal nerve of the clitoris
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What do parasympathetic fibers via the cavernous nerves cause?
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clitoral erection
increased vaginal secretions engorgement of erectile tissue in bulbs of vestibule |
