Itp First Quiz

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Psychology

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, thus seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

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Pure Reaserch

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A type of research conducted without concern for immediate applications

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Applied Research

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A type of research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular

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Clinical Psychologist

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help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life

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Counseling Psychologist

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like clinical psychologists, use interviews and tests to define their clients' problems

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School Psychologist

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help school systems identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning

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Educational Psychologist

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research theoretical issues related to learning, measurement, and child development.

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Developmental Psychologist

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study the changes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional-that occur across the life span.

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Personality psychologists

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identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.

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Social Psychologist

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concerned with the nature and causes of individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.

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Environmental Psychologist

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study the ways in which people and the environment the natural environment and the human-made environment-influence one another

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Industrial psychologists

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focus on the relationships between people and work

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Organizational psychologists

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study the behavior of people in organizations such as businesses.

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Human factors psychologists

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make technical systems such as automobile dashboards and computer keyboards more user-friendly

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Consumer psychologists

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study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior.

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Health psychologists

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examine the ways in which behavior and attitudes are related to physical health.

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Sport psychologists

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help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd, use cognitive strategies such as positive visualization

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Forensic psychologists

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apply psychology to the criminal justice system problems.

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Structuralism

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attempted to break down conscious experience into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, will, and mental images like memories or dreams

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Founder of structuralism and also established the first laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879

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Introspection

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Deliberate looking into one’s own cognitive processes to examine one’s thoughts and feelings

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Functionalism

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It dealt with observable behavior as well as conscious experience and focused on the importance of habit

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William James.

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Founder of Functionalism and was also influenced by Charles Darwin's (1809-1882) theory of evolution.

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Behaviorism

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argues that psychology must limit itself to observable behavior and not attempt to deal with subjective consciousness.

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Reinforcement

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a stimulus that follow a response and increases thefrequent the response.

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Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F Skinner)

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introduced the concept of reinforcement as an explanation of how learning occurs.

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Gestalt Psychology

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It is concerned with perception and argues that the wholeness of human experience is more than the sum of its parts

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Psychoanalysis

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was founded by Sigmund Freud. The school asserts that people are driven by hidden impulses and that they distort reality to protect themselves from anxiety.

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Cognitive perspective

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is concerned with the ways we mentally represent the world and process information.

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Cognitive

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having to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving

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Cognitive psychologists

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study how we learn, remember the past, plan forthe future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and uselanguage.

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Biological and Evolutionary perspectives

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is based on the work of Charles Darwin, who argued that in the age-old struggle for survival, only the fittest organisms reach maturity and reproduce, thereby transmitting the traits that enable them to survive to their offspring.

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Humanistic-existential perspective

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stress the importance of subjective experience and assert that people have the freedom to make choices.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

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In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the field of psychotherapy and influenced scientific psychology and the arts.

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Social-cognitive theory

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a school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior; formerly termed social learning theory

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Sociocultural perspective

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the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and

socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes.

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Ethnicity

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One kind of diversity involves people's ethnicity. Members of an ethnic group share their cultural heritage, race, language, or history.

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Gender

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the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity memory discovered the primacy and recency effects, and engaged in research into the role of the frequency of repetition in the vividness of memories.

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Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark

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conducted research on African American students about the negative effects of school segregation.

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Jorge Sanchez

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intelligence tests are culturally biased.

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Mary Salter Ainsworth

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attachment styles between parents and children

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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studied memory and first female APA president.

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Scientific Method

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the approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.

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The 7 methods

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1. Observation 2. Formulate Questions / Hypotheses 3. Hypothesis testing / Examining research question 4. Seek evidence through the use of experimentation 5. Draw Conclusion 6. Theory construction or modification 7. New research questions or hypothesis

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Theories

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Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

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Hypothesis

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in psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

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Correlation

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an association or relationship among variables.

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Independent variable

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a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed.

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Dependent variable

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measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable.

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Experiment

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a scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.

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Experimental groups

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in experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment

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Control Groups

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in experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant

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Placebo Effect

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a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine.

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Blind Study

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in this experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has Placebo Effect

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Double-blind study

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a study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment.

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SAMPLE

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part of a population

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POPULATION

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a complete group of organisms or events

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RANDOM SAMPLE

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a sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate

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STRATIFIED SAMPLE

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a sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample .

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CASE STUDY

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a carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests.

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SURVEY

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a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their amudes or behavior.

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Naturalistic observation

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a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments.