It Essentials Cisco Ch 8: Fundamental Networks

Front 1

Describe a LAN

Back 1

Local Area Network refers to a group of interconnected devices that are under the same administrative control

Front 2

Describe a WAN

Back 2

Wide Area Network are networks in geographically separated locations.

Front 3

Explain peep-to-peer networks

Back 3

There are no dedicated servers or hierarchy among the computers.

Front 4

Explain Client/Server networks

Back 4

The client request information or services (printer etc) from the server. Network Admins maintain the servers, and controls user access to the network resources.

Front 5

Simplex

Back 5

A single one-way transmission of data. example: Signal that is sent from a TV station to your TV at home

Front 6

Half-Duplex

Back 6

Data flows in one direction at a time. It allows alternating transmission in two directions, but not both simultaneously. Ex. two-way radios

Front 7

Full-Duplex

Back 7

When data flows in both directions at the same time. Ex: telephone conversation

Front 8

Bandwidth

Back 8

The amount of data that can be transmitted within a fixed time period. When data is sent over a computer network, it is broken up into small chunks called packets. Each packet contains headers. A header is information added to each packet that contains the source and destination of the packet. A header also contains information that describes how to put all of the packets back together again at the destination.

Front 9

TCP/IP Protocol

Back 9

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: Dominant standard for internetworking. Represents a set of public standards that specify how packets of info are exchanged between computers over one or more networks

Front 10

IPX/SPX

Back 10

Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange is the protocol suite employed originally by Novell corporations newtork OS, NetWare. It delivers funtions similar to those included in TCP/IP. Novell in it's current releases supports the TCP/IP suite. There remains a large installed base or NetWare networks that continue to use IPX/SPX

Front 11

NetBEUI

Back 11

NetBios Extended User Interface is a protocol used primarily on small Windows NT networks. It cannot be routed, and is ideal for peer-to-peer networks, involving a few computers directly connected to each other. It can be used in conjunction with another routable protocol such as TCP/IP.

Front 12

AppleTalk

Back 12

A protocol suite to network Macintosh computers. It is comprised of a comprehensive set of protocols that span the seven layers of the OSI reference model. It's designed to run over LocalTalk, which is the Apple LAN physical topology.

Front 13

HTTP

Back 13

Hypertext Transfer Protocol governs how files such as text, graphics, sounds, and video are exchanged on the World Wide Web (WWW). The internet engineering task force (IETF) developed the standards for HTTP.

Front 14

FTP

Back 14

File Transfer Protocol is a protocol that provides services for the file transfer and manipulation. FTP allows multiple simultaneous connections to remote file systems.

Front 15

SSH

Back 15

Secure Socket Host is used to securely connect to a remote computer

Front 16

TELNET

Back 16

An application used to connect to a remote computer, buy lacks security features

Front 17

POP

Back 17

Post Office Protocol is used to download e-mail from a remote mail server

Front 18

IMAP

Back 18

Internet Message Access Protocol is used to download e-mail from a remote mail server

Front 19

SMTP

Back 19

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send e-mail to a remote e-mail server

Front 20

ICMP

Back 20

Internet Control Message Protocol is used by devices on a network to send control and error messages to computers and servers.

Front 21

ping

Back 21

Packet internet groper is commonly used to test connections between computers. Ping is a simple but highly useful command line utility used to determine whether a specific IP address is accessible

Front 22

Hub

Back 22

Extends the range of the network by receiving data on one port and then regenerating the data and sending it out to all the other devices connected to the hub. This process means that all traffic from a device connected to the hub is sent to all the other devices connected to the hub every time the hub transmits data. This causes a great amount of network traffic. This is known as broadcasting. Often causes a lot of collisions on the network.

Front 23

Bridge

Back 23

Defines boundaries of segments, and filters network traffic between segments. Bridges keep a record of all the devices on each segment to which the bridge is connected. When the bridge receives a frame, the destination address is examined by the bridge to determine if the frame is to be sent to a different segment, or dropped.

Front 24

Switch

Back 24

AKA multiport bridge. A switch has several ports, depending on how many network segments are to be linked. A switch is a more sophisticated device than a bridge. A switch maintains a table of the MAC addresses for computers that are connected to each port. When a frame arrives at a port, the switch compares the address information in the frame to its MAC address table. The switch then determines which port to use to forward the frame.

Front 25

Router

Back 25

Routers use IP addresses to forward frames to other networks. A router can be a computer with special network software installed, or a router can be a device built by network equipment manufacturers. Routers contain tables of IP addresses along with optimal destination routes to other networks.

Front 26

Twisted-Pair

Back 26

A type of copper cabling that is used for telephone communications and most Ethernet networks. A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pair is twisted to provide protection against crosstalk, which is the noise generated by adjacent pairs of wires in the cable. Pairs of copper wires are encased in color-coded plastic insulation and twisted together. An outer jacket protects the bundles of twisted pairs. When electricity flows through a copper wire, a magnetic field is created around the wire. A circuit has two wires, and in a circuit, the two wires have oppositely-charged magnetic fields. When the two wires of the circuit are next to each other, the magnetic fields cancel each other out. This is called the cancellation effect. Without the cancellation effect, your network communications become slow due to the interference caused by the magnetic fields. Range of 328ft (100meters)

Front 27

Coaxial Cable

Back 27

Coaxial cable is a copper-cored cable surrounded by a heavy shielding. Coaxial cable is used to connect computers in a network.

Front 28

Fiber-Optic Cable

Back 28

A glass or plastic conductor that transmits data using light. Because it is made of glass, fiber-optic cable is not affected by electromagnetic interference or radio frequency interference. All signals are converted to light pulses to enter the cable, and converted back into electrical signals when they leave it. This means that fiber-optic cable can deliver signals that are clearer, can go farther, and have greater bandwidth than cable made of copper or other metals.

Front 29

Physical Topologies

Back 29

A physical topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected to a network

Front 30

Bus Topology

Back 30

In the bus topology, each computer connects to a common cable. The cable connects one computer to the next, like a bus line going through a city. The cable has a small cap installed at the end, called a terminator. The terminator prevents signals from bouncing back and causing network errors.

Front 31

Ring Topology

Back 31

In a ring topology, hosts are connected in a physical ring or circle. Because the ring topology has no beginning or end, the cable does not need to be terminated. A specially-formatted frame, called a token, travels around the ring, stopping at each host. If a host wants to transmit data, the host adds the data and the destination address to the frame. The frame then continues around the ring until the frame stops at the host with the destination address. The destination host takes the data out of the frame.

Front 32

Star Topology

Back 32

The star topology has a central connection point, which is normally a device such as a hub, switch, or router. Each host on a network has a cable segment that attaches the host directly to the central connection point. The advantage of a star topology is that it is easy to troubleshoot. Each host is connected to the central device with its own wire. If there is a problem with that cable, only that host is affected. The rest of the network remains operational.

Front 33

Hierarchical or Extended Star Topology

Back 33

A hierarchical or extended star topology is a star network with an additional networking device connected to the main networking device. Typically, a network cable connects to one hub, and then several other hubs connect to the first hub

Front 34

Mesh Topology

Back 34

The mesh topology connects all devices to each other. When every device is connected to every other device, a failure of any cable will not affect the network. The mesh topology is used in WANs that interconnect LANs.

Front 35

Broadcast Logical Topology

Back 35

each host addresses either data to a particular host or to all hosts connected on a network. There is no order that the hosts must follow to use the network – it is first come, first served for transmitting data on the network.

Front 36

Token Logical Topology

Back 36

Token passing controls network access by passing an electronic token sequentially to each host. When a host receives the token, it can send data on the network. If the host has no data to send, it passes the token to the next host and the process repeats itself.

Front 37

Class A network

Back 37

255.0.0.0

Front 38

Class B network

Back 38

255.255.0.0

Front 39

Class C Network

Back 39

255.255.255.0

Front 40

DHCP

Back 40

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a software utility used to dynamically assign IP addresses to network devices. Including IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses.

Front 41

APIPA

Back 41

Automatic Private IP Addressing is 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 and it will continually request an IP address from a DHCP server.

Front 42

IP Address

Back 42

A unique number that is used to identify a network device. An IP address consists of a series of 32 binary bits (ones and zeros). It is very difficult for humans to read a binary IP address. For this reason, the 32 bits are grouped into four 8-bit bytes called octets

Front 43

Cat 3

Back 43

Telephone connections

Front 44

Cat 5 and 5e

Back 44

Category 5 and Category 5e have four pairs of wires with a transmission rate of 100 Mbps.

Front 45

Cat 6

Back 45

Some Category 6 cables use a plastic divider to separate the pairs of wires, which prevents interference. The pairs also have more twists than Category 5e cable.

Front 46

Thicknet 10BASE5

Back 46

Coax cable that was used in networks and operated and 10mbps with a max length of 500 meters

Front 47

Thinnet 10BASE2

Back 47

Coax cable that was used in networks and operated at 10 mbps with a max length of 185 Meters

Front 48

RG-59

Back 48

most commonly used for cable television in the US

Front 49

RG-6

Back 49

Higher quality than RG-59, with more bandwidth and less susceptibility to interference

Front 50

Multimode (fiber optics)

Back 50

Cable that has a thicker core than single-core cable. It is easier to make, can use simpler light sources (LEDs), and works well over distances of a few KMs or less

Front 51

Single-Mode

Back 51

Cable that has a very thin core. It is harder to make, uses lasers as a light source, and can transmit signals dozens of kilometers with ease.

Front 52

Ethernet

Back 52

Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies that a network use the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with the Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) access control method.

Front 53

10Base-T

Back 53

10mbps Ethernet T=Twisted Pair

Front 54

100Base-T

Back 54

100 mbps(FastEthernet)

Front 55

1000Base-t

Back 55

1Gbps Gigabit Ethernet

Front 56

FDDI

Back 56

Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is a type of Token Ring network. The implementation and topology of FDDI differs from the IBM Token Ring LAN architecture. FDDI is often used to connect several buildings in an office complex or on a university campus. Runs on fiber-optic cable. Runs at 100mbps with a primary and secondary ring topology. FDDI combines high-speed performance with the advantages of the token-passing ring topology. FDDI runs at 100 Mbps on a dual-ring topology. The outer ring is called the primary ring and the inner ring is called the secondary ring. Normally, traffic flows only on the primary ring. If the primary ring fails, the data automatically flows onto the secondary ring in the opposite direction.

An FDDI dual ring supports a maximum of 500 computers per ring. The total distance of each length of the cable ring is 62 miles (100 km).

Front 57

OSI Model

Back 57

An industry standard framework that is used to divide network communications into seven distinct layers.
1. Physical: Defines all the electrical and physical specs for devices
2. Data Link: Provides physical addressing and media access procedures
3. Network: Responsible for logical addressing and the domain of routing
4. Transport: Provides reliable transport and flow control across a network
5. Session: Establishes, manages, and terminates the connections between the local and remote application
6. Presentation: Transforms data formats to provide a standard interface for the Application layer
7. Application: Responsible for network services to applications
Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away.

Front 58

Token ring

Back 58

IBM originally developed Token Ring as a reliable network architecture based on the token-passing access control method. Token Ring is often integrated with IBM mainframe systems. Token Ring is used with computers and mainframes.