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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parochial
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Parochial studies are research projects originally designed and conducted in one culture by researchers from that culture.
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Ethnocentric
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In ethnocentric research, studies originally designed and conducted in one culture by researchers from that culture are replicated in a second culture.
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Polycentric
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Polycentric studies are studies designed to describe, explain, and interpret management and organizational practices within specific foreign cultures. Polycentric studies are individual domestic studies conducted in various countries Conducted in around the world.
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Comparative
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Comparative studies are designed to identify the similarities and differences across 2 or more cultures. For managers, comparative studies answer the question: "How is culture A different from culture B? In which areas can our organizational policies and strategies be similar across all cultures, and in which areas Contrasting must they be different?"
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Geocentric
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Geocentric studies examine how multinational organizations function.
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Synergistic
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Synergistic studies examine intercultural interaction within work settings.
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Triandis theory of culture
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Culture is a shared pattern of beliefs, attitudes, norms, role perceptions, and values
If a person likes the color red, it is not culture, however, if many members in a society prefer red, it is culture) Subjective Culture consists of: Beliefs Attitudes Norms Roles Tasks Values Value Orientation |
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Schwartz theory of culture
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A theory presented with seven types of values and three polar dimensions.
Focus is on national groups, and society values are characterized by aggregating individual values. Beliefs Attitudes Norms Roles Tasks Values Value Orientation |
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Cultural Dimensions - Trompenaars
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Trompenaars, 1993
Universalism/Particulartism Individualism/Collectivism Neutral versus Affective Specific versus Diffuse Achievement versus Ascription Internal versus External Time Perspective |
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Cultural Dimensions - Hofstede
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Hofstede, 1984
Individualism/Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity/Femininity (Long-Term Orientation) |
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What is Culture?
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In anthropology, “Culture consists of patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values” (Kluckhohn 1951)
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what is culture - In Business
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the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another” (Hofstede,1980, p. 260).
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Focusing on Culture at the national level has some disadvantages
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Assumes that all members of a nation are similar
Stereotyping Does not take into account that cultures can evolve and change |
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Supranational Cultures
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Linguistic Groups
Ethnic Groups Macro Political Groups Religious Groups |
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National Cultures
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American Culture
Japanese Culture British Culture |
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Professional Cultures
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Accountants
Lawyers Teachers Students |
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Organizational Cultures
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People who work in the same company
IBM Culture Microsoft Culture |
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Group Cultures
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People who work together in a department, office, class, or some other unit of analysis smaller than a firm
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Values
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Values refer to relationships among abstract categories that are characterized by strong affective components and imply a preference for a certain type of action.
A value is an “enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence”. |
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Universalism/Particulartism
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Universalism implies a belief that something that is “true” and “good” can be universally defined, and therefore applicable everywhere. Particularism, on the other hand, prevails with a belief that unique circumstances and relationships determine what is “right” and “good.”
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Individualism/Collectivism
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Individualism reflects the way members emphasize their own needs over the group’s needs.
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Neutral versus Affective
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In neutral cultures, people are more reserved, keeping emotions from being out of the control in the workplace – which would be considered unprofessional. Affective cultures tend to display emotions more openly in all venues, and may consider a neutral culture as intentionally deceitful.
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Specific versus Diffuse
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In the specific and diffuse relationships dimension the idea is that an individual may have an inner private space and a larger public space. The difference between specific and diffuse cultures is the relative size of these “spaces.” In a specific culture, there is a tendency to have larger public areas and smaller private areas.
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Achievement versus Ascription
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In achievement-based cultures, people are evaluated based on their performance in their functional role. While in ascriptive cultures people who naturally have certain attributes are admired and therefore gain status.
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Internal versus External
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Internal versus external orientation refers to the idea that there are two guides to action. Action can either be determined by inner-directed judgments, decisions, and commitments or by the signals, demands, and trends of the outside world.
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Time Perspective
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Time perspective refers to the idea that cultures can view time in two ways. Activities can be done as quickly as possible in the shortest possible sequence of passing time or synchronized so that completion is coordinated.
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Power Distance
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the degree of inequality among people which the population of a country considers as normal: from relatively equal(small power distance) to extremely unequal(large power distance). All societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others.
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masculinity vs. femininity
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degree to which values like assertiveness, performance, success and competition prevail over values like the quality of life, maintain warm personal relationships, service. Women's roles differ from men's roles in all countries; but in masculine societies, the differences are larger than in feminine ones.
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uncertainty avoidance
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the degree to which people in a certain country prefer structured over unstructured situations.
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long-term vs. short term orientation
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on the long term side one finds values oriented towards the future, like thrift (saving) and persistence. On the short-term side, one finds values rather oriented towards the past and present, like respect for tradition and fulfilling social obligations.
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TRA - The Theory of Reasoned Action
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According to TRA the accomplishment of a specified behavior is determined by the behavioral intention to perform that behavior
Behavioral intention is “an indication of an individual's readiness to perform a given behavior” Behavioral intention is determined by both an individual’s attitude towards and subjective norm concerning the behavior in question |
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TAM - technology acceptance model
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TAM is an adaptation of TRA specifically designed to model user acceptance of IT
TAM posits that two beliefs, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, are of primary relevance for computer acceptance behaviors Perceived usefulness is defined as "the prospective user's subjective probability that using a specific application will increase his or her job performance within an organizational context“ Perceived ease of use is defined as "the degree to which the prospective user expects the target system to be free of effort” In the model, perceived ease of use influences perceived usefulness and, in turn, both beliefs influence behavioral intention to use which is a measure of the strength of a person's intention to use a specific IT |
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UTAUT
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Performance expectancy
Effort expectancy Social influence Facilitating conditions Voluntariness Behavioral intention |
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Performance expectancy:
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The degree to which an individual believes that using the system will help him or her to attain gains in job performance – basically perceived usefulness from TAM
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Effort expectancy
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The degree of ease associated with the use of the system – basically ease of use from TAM
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Social influence
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The degree to which an individual perceives that important others believe he or she should use the new system – basically subjective norms from TRA and TPB
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Facilitating conditions
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The degree to which an individual believes that an organizational and technical infrastructure exists to support use of the system – basically perceived behavioral control from TPB
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Voluntariness
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The extent to which potential adopters perceive the adoption decision to be non-mandatory
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Behavioral intention
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The degree to which a person has formulated conscious plans to perform or not perform some specified future behavior
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