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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A request for proposal
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(RFP) a written document with detailed specifications, used to request bids from vendors.
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Agile methodology
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focuses on an incremental development process and timely delivery of working software.
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Computer–aided systems engineering
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(CASE) tools automate parts of the application development process.
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design phase
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analysts choose the solution that’s the most realistic and offers the highest payoff for the organization.
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analysts choose the solution that’s the most realistic and offers the highest payoff for the organization.
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design phase
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tools automate parts of the application development process.
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Computer–aided systems engineering
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(CASE)
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Computer–aided systems engineering
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a written document with detailed specifications, used to request bids from vendors.
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A request for proposal
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(RFP)
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A request for proposal
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focuses on an incremental development process and timely delivery of working software.
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Agile methodology
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Economic feasibility
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assesses a system’s costs and benefits.
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assesses a system’s costs and benefits.
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Economic feasibility
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External users
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include customers, contractors, suppliers, and other business partners.
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include customers, contractors, suppliers, and other business partners.
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External users
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Extreme programming
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(XP) divides a project into smaller functions, and developers can’t go on to the next phase until the current phase is finished.
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divides a project into smaller functions, and developers can’t go on to the next phase until the current phase is finished.
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Extreme programming
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(XP)
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Extreme programming
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feasibility study
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analyzes a proposed solution’s feasibility and determines how best to present the solution to management.
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analyzes a proposed solution’s feasibility and determines how best to present the solution to management.
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feasibility study
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implementation phase
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the organization devises a plan for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice phase and obtains the resources to implement the plan.
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the organization devises a plan for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice phase and obtains the resources to implement the plan.
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implementation phase
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Insourcing
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happens when an organization’s team develops the system internally.
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happens when an organization’s team develops the system internally.
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Insourcing
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Internal users
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employees who will use the system regularly.
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employees who will use the system regularly.
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Internal users
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Joint application design
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(JAD) centers on a structured workshop where users and system professionals come together to develop an application.
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centers on a structured workshop where users and system professionals come together to develop an application.
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Joint application design
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(JAD)
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Joint application design
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Legal feasibility
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concerned with legal issues.
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concerned with legal issues.
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Legal feasibility
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maintenance phase
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the information system is operating, enhancements and modifications to the system have been developed and tested, and hardware and software components have been added or replaced.
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the information system is operating, enhancements and modifications to the system have been developed and tested, and hardware and software components have been added or replaced.
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maintenance phase
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Operational feasibility
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the measure of how well the proposed solution will work in the organization.
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the measure of how well the proposed solution will work in the organization.
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Operational feasibility
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outsourcing
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an organization hires an external vendor or consultant who specializes in providing development services.
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an organization hires an external vendor or consultant who specializes in providing development services.
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outsourcing
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Pair programming
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where two programmers participate in one development effort at one workstation.
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where two programmers participate in one development effort at one workstation.
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Pair programming
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parallel conversion
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the old and new systems run simultaneously for a short time.
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the old and new systems run simultaneously for a short time.
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parallel conversion
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phased–in–phased–out conversion
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as each module of the new system is converted, the corresponding part of the old system is retired.
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as each module of the new system is converted, the corresponding part of the old system is retired.
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phased–in–phased–out conversion
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pilot conversion
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the analyst introduces the system in only a limited area of the organization.
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the analyst introduces the system in only a limited area of the organization.
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pilot conversion
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planning phase
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the systems designer must understand and define the problem the organization faces.
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the systems designer must understand and define the problem the organization faces.
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planning phase
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plunge (direct cutover) conversion
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the old system is stopped and the new system is implemented.
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the old system is stopped and the new system is implemented.
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plunge (direct cutover) conversion
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proof–of–concept prototype
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shows users how a particular task that technically wasn’t feasible can be done
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shows users how a particular task that technically wasn’t feasible can be done
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proof–of–concept prototype
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prototyping
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a small–scale version of the system is developed.
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a small–scale version of the system is developed.
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prototyping
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Rapid application development
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(RAD) concentrates on user involvement and continuous interaction between users and designers
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concentrates on user involvement and continuous interaction between users and designers
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Rapid application development
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(RAD)
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Rapid application development
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request for information
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(RFI) a screening document for gathering vendor information and narrowing the list of potential vendors.
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a screening document for gathering vendor information and narrowing the list of potential vendors.
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request for information
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(RFI)
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request for information
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requirements–gathering and analysis phase
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In the requirements–gathering and analysis phase, analysts define the problem and generate alternatives for solving it.
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In the requirements–gathering and analysis phase, analysts define the problem and generate alternatives for solving it.
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requirements–gathering and analysis phase
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Schedule feasibility
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concerned with whether the new system can be completed on time.
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concerned with whether the new system can be completed on time.
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Schedule feasibility
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Self–sourcing
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when end users have been developing their own information systems with little or no formal assistance from the information systems team.
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when end users have been developing their own information systems with little or no formal assistance from the information systems team.
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Self–sourcing
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selling prototype
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used to sell a proposed system to users or management.
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used to sell a proposed system to users or management.
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selling prototype
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Systems development life cycle
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(SDLC) a series of well–defined phases performed in sequence that serve as a framework for developing a system or project.
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a series of well–defined phases performed in sequence that serve as a framework for developing a system or project.
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Systems development life cycle
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(SDLC)
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Systems development life cycle
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Technical feasibility
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concerned with technology to be used in the system.
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concerned with technology to be used in the system.
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Technical feasibility
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Collaborative filtering
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(CF) searches for specific information or patterns, using input from multiple business partners and data sources. It identifies groups of people based on common interests and recommends products or services based on what members of the group purchased or didn’t purchase.
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searches for specific information or patterns, using input from multiple business partners and data sources. It identifies groups of people based on common interests and recommends products or services based on what members of the group purchased or didn’t purchase.
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Collaborative filtering
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(CF)
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Collaborative filtering
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Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment
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(CPFR) used to coordinate supply chain members through point–of–sale (POS) data sharing and joint planning.
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used to coordinate supply chain members through point–of–sale (POS) data sharing and joint planning.
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Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment
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(CPFR)
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Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment
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Customer relationship management
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(CRM) consists of the processes a company uses to track and organize its contacts with customers. It improves services offered to customers and uses customer contact information for targeted marketing.
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consists of the processes a company uses to track and organize its contacts with customers. It improves services offered to customers and uses customer contact information for targeted marketing.
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Customer relationship management
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(CRM)
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Customer relationship management
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Customization
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allows customers to modify the standard offering, such as selecting a different home page to be displayed each time you open your Web browser.
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allows customers to modify the standard offering, such as selecting a different home page to be displayed each time you open your Web browser.
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Customization
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e–marketplace
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An e–marketplace is a third–party exchange (B2B model) that provides a platform for buyers and sellers to interact with each other and trade more efficiently online.
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An e–marketplace is a third–party exchange (B2B model) that provides a platform for buyers and sellers to interact with each other and trade more efficiently online.
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e–marketplace
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Electronic data interchange
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(EDI) enables business partners to send and receive information on business transactions.
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enables business partners to send and receive information on business transactions.
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Electronic data interchange
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(EDI)
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Electronic data interchange
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Enterprise resource planning
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(ERP) an integrated system that collects and processes data and manages and coordinates resources, information, and functions throughout an organization.
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an integrated system that collects and processes data and manages and coordinates resources, information, and functions throughout an organization.
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Enterprise resource planning
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(ERP)
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Enterprise resource planning
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enterprise system
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an application used in all functions of a business that supports decision making throughout the organization.
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an application used in all functions of a business that supports decision making throughout the organization.
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enterprise system
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Knowledge management
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draws on concepts of organizational learning, organizational culture, and best practices to convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, create a knowledge–sharing culture in an organization, and eliminate obstacles to sharing knowledge.
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draws on concepts of organizational learning, organizational culture, and best practices to convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, create a knowledge–sharing culture in an organization, and eliminate obstacles to sharing knowledge.
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Knowledge management
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online auction
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By using the Internet, this brings traditional auctions to customers around the globe and makes it possible to sell far more goods and services than at a traditional auction.
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By using the Internet, this brings traditional auctions to customers around the globe and makes it possible to sell far more goods and services than at a traditional auction.
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online auction
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Personalization
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the process of satisfying customers’ needs, building customer relationships, and increasing profits by designing goods and services that meet customers’ preferences better. It involves not only customers’ requests, but also the interaction between customers and the company.
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the process of satisfying customers’ needs, building customer relationships, and increasing profits by designing goods and services that meet customers’ preferences better. It involves not only customers’ requests, but also the interaction between customers and the company.
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Personalization
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reverse auction
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invites sellers to submit bids for products and services. A many–to–one relationship is represented by one buyer and many sellers. The buyer can choose the seller that offers the service or product at the lowest price.
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invites sellers to submit bids for products and services. A many–to–one relationship is represented by one buyer and many sellers. The buyer can choose the seller that offers the service or product at the lowest price.
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reverse auction
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supply chain
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an integrated network consisting of an organization, its suppliers, transportation companies, and brokers used to deliver goods and services to customers.
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an integrated network consisting of an organization, its suppliers, transportation companies, and brokers used to deliver goods and services to customers.
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supply chain
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Supply chain management
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(SCM) the process of working with suppliers and other partners in the supply chain to improve procedures for delivering products and services.
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the process of working with suppliers and other partners in the supply chain to improve procedures for delivering products and services.
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Supply chain management
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(SCM)
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Supply chain management
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choice phase
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the best and most effective course of action is chosen.
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the best and most effective course of action is chosen.
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choice phase
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decision support system
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(DSS) an interactive information system consisting of hardware, software, data, and models (mathematical and statistical) designed to assist decision makers in an organization.
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an interactive information system consisting of hardware, software, data, and models (mathematical and statistical) designed to assist decision makers in an organization.
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decision support system
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(DSS)
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decision support system
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digital dashboard
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integrates information from multiple sources and presents it in a unified, understandable format, often charts and graphs. They offer up–to–the–minute snapshots of information and assist decision makers in identifying trends and potential problems.
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integrates information from multiple sources and presents it in a unified, understandable format, often charts and graphs. They offer up–to–the–minute snapshots of information and assist decision makers in identifying trends and potential problems.
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digital dashboard
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Electronic meeting systems
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enable decision makers in different locations to participate in a group decision–making process.
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enable decision makers in different locations to participate in a group decision–making process.
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Electronic meeting systems
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Executive information systems
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(EISs) a branch of DSSs, are interactive information systems that give executives easy access to internal and external data and typically include “drill–down” features and a digital dashboard for examining and analyzing information.
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a branch of DSSs, are interactive information systems that give executives easy access to internal and external data and typically include “drill–down” features and a digital dashboard for examining and analyzing information.
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Executive information systems
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Geographic information system
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(GIS) capture, store, process, and display geographic information or information in a geographic context, such as showing the location of all city streetlights on a map.
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capture, store, process, and display geographic information or information in a geographic context, such as showing the location of all city streetlights on a map.
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Geographic information system
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(GIS)
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Geographic information system
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Group support systems
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(GSSs) assist decision makers working in groups. These systems use computer and communication technologies to formulate, process, and implement a decision–making task and can be considered a kind of intervention technology that helps overcome the limitations of group interactions.
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assist decision makers working in groups. These systems use computer and communication technologies to formulate, process, and implement a decision–making task and can be considered a kind of intervention technology that helps overcome the limitations of group interactions.
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Group support systems
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(GSSs)
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Group support systems
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Groupware
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assists groups in communicating, collaborating, and coordinating their activities. It is a collection of applications that support decision makers by providing access to a shared environment and information.
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assists groups in communicating, collaborating, and coordinating their activities. It is a collection of applications that support decision makers by providing access to a shared environment and information.
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Groupware
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intelligence phase
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a decision maker examines the organization’s environment for conditions that need decisions. Data is collected from a variety of sources and processed. From this information, the decision maker can discover ways to approach the problem.
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a decision maker examines the organization’s environment for conditions that need decisions. Data is collected from a variety of sources and processed. From this information, the decision maker can discover ways to approach the problem.
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intelligence phase
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managerial designer
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defines the management issues in designing and using a DSS. These issues don’t involve the technological aspects of the system; they’re related to management’s goals and needs.
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defines the management issues in designing and using a DSS. These issues don’t involve the technological aspects of the system; they’re related to management’s goals and needs.
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managerial designer
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model base
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This component includes mathematical and statistical models that, along with the database, enable a DSS to analyze information.
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This component includes mathematical and statistical models that, along with the database, enable a DSS to analyze information.
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model base
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model builder
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the liaison between users and designers. He or she is responsible for supplying information on what the model does, what data inputs it accepts, how the model’s output should be interpreted, and what assumptions go into creating and using the model.
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the liaison between users and designers. He or she is responsible for supplying information on what the model does, what data inputs it accepts, how the model’s output should be interpreted, and what assumptions go into creating and using the model.
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model builder
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Semistructured decisions
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include a structured aspect that benefits from information retrieval, analytical models, and information systems technology.
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include a structured aspect that benefits from information retrieval, analytical models, and information systems technology.
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Semistructured decisions
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Structured decisions
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can be automated because a well–defined standard operating procedure exists for these types of decisions.
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can be automated because a well–defined standard operating procedure exists for these types of decisions.
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Structured decisions
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technical designer
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focuses on how the DSS is implemented and usually addresses questions about data storage, file structure, user access, response time, and security measures.
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Unstructured decisions
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unique, typically one–time decisions, with no standard operating procedure pertaining to them.
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unique, typically one–time decisions, with no standard operating procedure pertaining to them.
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Unstructured decisions
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Artificial intelligence
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(AI) consists of related technologies that try to simulate and reproduce human thought behavior, including thinking, speaking, feeling, and reasoning. AI technologies apply computers to areas that require knowledge, perception, reasoning, understanding, and cognitive abilities.
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consists of related technologies that try to simulate and reproduce human thought behavior, including thinking, speaking, feeling, and reasoning. AI technologies apply computers to areas that require knowledge, perception, reasoning, understanding, and cognitive abilities.
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Artificial intelligence
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(AI)
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Artificial intelligence
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Artificial neural networks
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(ANNs) networks that learn and are capable of performing tasks that are difficult with conventional computers.
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networks that learn and are capable of performing tasks that are difficult with conventional computers.
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Artificial neural networks
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(ANNs)
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Artificial neural networks
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backward chaining
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the expert system starts with the goal first—the Then part and backtracks to find the right solution.
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the expert system starts with the goal first—the Then part and backtracks to find the right solution.
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backward chaining
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Case–based reasoning
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(CBR) a problem–solving technique that matches a new case (problem) with a previously solved case and its solution stored in a database.
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a problem–solving technique that matches a new case (problem) with a previously solved case and its solution stored in a database.
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Case–based reasoning
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(CBR)
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Case–based reasoning
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Data–mining agents
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work with a data warehouse and can detect trend changes and discover new information and relationships among data items that aren’t readily apparent.
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work with a data warehouse and can detect trend changes and discover new information and relationships among data items that aren’t readily apparent.
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Data–mining agents
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Expert systems
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mimic human expertise in a field to solve a problem in a well–defined area.
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mimic human expertise in a field to solve a problem in a well–defined area.
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Expert systems
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explanation facility
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performs tasks similar to what a human expert does by explaining to end users how recommendations are derived.
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performs tasks similar to what a human expert does by explaining to end users how recommendations are derived.
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explanation facility
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forward chaining
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a series of “If–Then Else” condition pairs are performed.
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a series of “If–Then Else” condition pairs are performed.
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forward chaining
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Fuzzy logic
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allows a smooth, gradual transition between human and computer vocabularies and deals with variations in linguistic terms by using a degree of membership.
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allows a smooth, gradual transition between human and computer vocabularies and deals with variations in linguistic terms by using a degree of membership.
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Fuzzy logic
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Genetic algorithms
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(GAs) used mostly in techniques to find solutions to optimization and search problems.
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used mostly in techniques to find solutions to optimization and search problems.
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Genetic algorithms
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(GAs)
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Genetic algorithms
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inference engine
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similar to the model base component of a decision support system. By using different techniques, such as forward and backward chaining, it manipulates a series of rules.
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similar to the model base component of a decision support system. By using different techniques, such as forward and backward chaining, it manipulates a series of rules.
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inference engine
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Intelligent agents
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applications of artificial intelligence and are becoming more popular, particularly in e–commerce. They consist of software capable of reasoning and following rule–based processes.
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applications of artificial intelligence and are becoming more popular, particularly in e–commerce. They consist of software capable of reasoning and following rule–based processes.
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Intelligent agents
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knowledge acquisition facility
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a software package with manual or automated methods for acquiring and incorporating new rules and facts so that the expert system is capable of growth.
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a software package with manual or automated methods for acquiring and incorporating new rules and facts so that the expert system is capable of growth.
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knowledge acquisition facility
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knowledge base
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similar to a database, but in addition to storing facts and figures, it keeps track of rules and explanations associated with facts.
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similar to a database, but in addition to storing facts and figures, it keeps track of rules and explanations associated with facts.
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knowledge base
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knowledge base management system
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(KBMS) similar to a DBMS, is used to keep the knowledge base updated with changes to facts, figures, and rules.
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similar to a DBMS, is used to keep the knowledge base updated with changes to facts, figures, and rules.
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knowledge base management system
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(KBMS)
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knowledge base management system
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Monitoring and surveillance agents
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usually track and report on computer equipment and network systems to predict when a system crash or failure might occur.
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usually track and report on computer equipment and network systems to predict when a system crash or failure might occur.
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Monitoring and surveillance agents
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Natural language processing
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(NLP) was developed so that users could communicate with computers in their own language.
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was developed so that users could communicate with computers in their own language.
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Natural language processing
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(NLP)
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Natural language processing
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Personal agents
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perform specific tasks for a user, such as remembering information for filling out Web forms or completing e–mail addresses after the first few characters are typed.
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perform specific tasks for a user, such as remembering information for filling out Web forms or completing e–mail addresses after the first few characters are typed.
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Personal agents
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Robots
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some of the most successful applications of AI. They perform well at simple, repetitive tasks and can be used to free workers from tedious or hazardous jobs.
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some of the most successful applications of AI. They perform well at simple, repetitive tasks and can be used to free workers from tedious or hazardous jobs.
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Robots
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Shopping and information agents
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help users navigate through the vast resources available on the Web and provide better results in finding information.
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help users navigate through the vast resources available on the Web and provide better results in finding information.
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Shopping and information agents
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Application service providers
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(ASPs) provide access to software or services for a fee.
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provide access to software or services for a fee.
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Application service providers
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(ASPs)
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Application service providers
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avatar
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a 2–D or 3–D graphical representation of a person in the virtual world.
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a 2–D or 3–D graphical representation of a person in the virtual world.
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avatar
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Bluetooth
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a technology that can be used to create a personal area network (PAN), is a wireless technology for transferring data over short distances.
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a technology that can be used to create a personal area network (PAN), is a wireless technology for transferring data over short distances.
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Bluetooth
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cave automatic virtual environment
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(CAVE) a virtual environment consisting of a cube–shaped room in which the walls are rear–projection screens. They are holographic devices that create, capture, and display images in true 3–D form.
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a virtual environment consisting of a cube–shaped room in which the walls are rear–projection screens. They are holographic devices that create, capture, and display images in true 3–D form.
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cave automatic virtual environment
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(CAVE)
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cave automatic virtual environment
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Cloud computing
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a platform incorporating many recent technologies under one platform, including the SaaS model, Web 2.0, grid computing, and utility computing, so that a variety of resources can be provided to users over the Internet.
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a platform incorporating many recent technologies under one platform, including the SaaS model, Web 2.0, grid computing, and utility computing, so that a variety of resources can be provided to users over the Internet.
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Cloud computing
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egocentric environment
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the user is totally immersed in the VR world.
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the user is totally immersed in the VR world.
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egocentric environment
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exocentric environment
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can be called a “window view”; users can only view data onscreen. They can’t interact with objects.
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can be called a “window view”; users can only view data onscreen. They can’t interact with objects.
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exocentric environment
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Grid computing
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nvolves connecting all the different computers combining their processing power to solve a particular problem. Users can make use of other computers’ resources to solve problems involving large–scale, complex calculations that a single computer isn’t capable of solving.
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nvolves connecting all the different computers combining their processing power to solve a particular problem. Users can make use of other computers’ resources to solve problems involving large–scale, complex calculations that a single computer isn’t capable of solving.
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Grid computing
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Nanotechnology
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incorporates techniques that involve the structure and composition of materials on a nanoscale.
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incorporates techniques that involve the structure and composition of materials on a nanoscale.
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Nanotechnology
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pull technology
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a user states a need before getting information.
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a user states a need before getting information.
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pull technology
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push technology
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AKA Webcasting, a Web server delivers information to users who have signed up for this service instead of waiting for user requests to send the information.
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a Web server delivers information to users who have signed up for this service instead of waiting for user requests to send the information.
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push technology
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Webcasting
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push technology
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radio frequency identification
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(RFID) tag is a small electronic device consisting of a small chip and an antenna. This device provides a unique identification for the card or the object carrying the tag.
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A ___ tag is a small electronic device consisting of a small chip and an antenna. This device provides a unique identification for the card or the object carrying the tag.
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radio frequency identification
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(RFID)
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radio frequency identification
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Software as a service
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(SaaS) or on demand software, is a model for ASPs to deliver software to users for a fee.
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a model for ASPs to deliver software to users for a fee.
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Software as a service
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(SaaS)
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Software as a service
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on demand software
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Software as a service
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Utility (on–demand) computing
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similar to the SaaS model and provides IT services on demand. Users pay for computing or storage resources on an as–needed basis, similar to paying for utilities.
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similar to the SaaS model and provides IT services on demand. Users pay for computing or storage resources on an as–needed basis, similar to paying for utilities.
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Utility (on–demand) computing
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Virtual reality
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(VR) uses computer generated, three–dimensional images to create the illusion of interaction in a real–world environment.
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uses computer generated, three–dimensional images to create the illusion of interaction in a real–world environment.
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Virtual reality
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(VR)
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Virtual reality
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virtual world
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a simulated environment designed for users to interact via avatars.
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a simulated environment designed for users to interact via avatars.
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virtual world
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wide area network
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(WAN) can span several cities, states, or even countries.
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can span several cities, states, or even countries.
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wide area network
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(WAN)
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wide area network
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Wireless Fidelity
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(Wi-Fi) a broadband wireless technology based on the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards.
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a broadband wireless technology based on the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards.
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Wireless Fidelity
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(Wi-Fi)
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Wireless Fidelity
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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
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(WiMAX) a broadband wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. It’s designed for wireless metropolitan area networks.
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a broadband wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. It’s designed for wireless metropolitan area networks.
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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
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(WiMAX)
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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
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