Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What Is a System
|
set of interrelated components with a clearly defined boundary working together to achieve a common set of goals
|
SYSTEM CONCEPTS
|
|
|
Basic functions in a system
|
Input – capture the elements to be processed
Processing – change the input into output Output – deliver the output to its destination |
System Concepts
|
|
|
Feedback and Control
|
Feedback – data about the performance of the system
Control – monitoring feedback |
System Concepts
|
|
|
Interface
|
– shared boundary between systems
|
System Concepts
|
|
|
Adaptive Systems
|
have the ability to change themselves or their environment
|
System Concepts
|
|
|
1642: first mechanical adding machine
|
Invented by Blaise Pascal
Wheels moved counters Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz |
Origins of Computing
|
|
|
Age of industrialization
|
Mechanical loom used punch cards
Joseph Jacquard |
Origins of Computing
|
|
|
19th Century
|
Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine, which could calculate, store values in memory, perform logical comparisons
Never built because of lack of electronics |
Origins of Computing
|
|
|
1880s
|
Hollerith’s punched cards used to record census data using On/Off patterns
The holes turned sensors On or Off when run through tabulating machine This company became the foundation for IBM |
Origins of Computing
|
|
|
ENIAC
|
first general-purpose electronic computer
|
Origins of Computing
|
|
|
Only three basic tasks
|
Arithmetic operations
Add, subtract, multiply, divide, raise to power Logical operations Comparison Storage and Retrieval operations |
Processing Computer Operations
|
|
|
Moore’s Law
|
Doubled computer power every 18 to 24 months.
OR, the price of a given level of computing power will halve every 18 to 24 months. |
Processing
|
|
|
Storage
|
saving data in computer memory
|
Storage
|
|
|
Retrieval
|
accessing data from memory
|
Storage
|
|
|
Data is stored as
|
Bits
|
Storage
|
|
|
Bit
|
Short for binary digit
Smallest element of data Either 0 or 1 |
Storage
|
|
|
Byte
|
Group of bits, which operate as a single unit
Represents one character or number |
Storage
|
|
|
Uses a two-state or binary representation of data
|
On represents the number 1
Off represents the number 0 |
Storage
|
|
|
Data is/are
|
processed and stored in computer systems through the presence or absence of On/Off signals
|
Storage
|
|
|
Kilobyte (KB)
|
: one thousand bytes
|
Storage
|
|
|
Megabyte (MB)
|
one million bytes
|
Storage
|
|
|
Gigabyte (GB)
|
one billion bytes
|
Storage
|
|
|
Terabyte (TB)
|
one trillion bytes
|
Storage
|
|
|
Petabyte (PB)
|
one quadrillion bytes
|
Storage
|
|
|
What is Software?
|
Instructions that tell the computer & associated peripherals what to do
|
Software
|
|
|
General Types of Software
|
System Software – programs that run the computer
Application Software – programs perform a functional job for you |
Software
|
|
|
General-Purpose Application Programs
|
performs common info processing jobs for end users
|
Application Software
|
|
|
Application-Specific Software
|
performs a specific function
|
Application Software
|
|
|
Reengineer/Automate Business Processes
|
Customer Relationship management (CRM)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Supply Chain Management (SCM) |
Business Application Software
|
|
|
Internal Organizational Activities
|
Human Resource Management (HRM)
Accounting Finance |
Business Application Software
|
|
|
User Interface
|
how the user communicates with the computer
Graphical User Interface - (GUI) Command-driven Menu Driven |
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
Resource Management
|
manages the hardware and network resources
|
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
File Management
|
controls the creation, deletion, & access of files of the data and programs
|
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
Task Management
|
manages which tasks are performed and when
|
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
Multitasking
|
programs take turns using the processor
|
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
Preemptive
|
– each program gets a slice of time
|
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
Cooperative
|
programs use the processor when it is not being used by another program
|
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
Virtual Machines
|
applications run independently at the same time
|
Operating Systems Functions
|
|
|
Different Operating Systems
|
Windows
UNIX – a multitasking, multiuser, portable (runs on different hardware platforms) operating system Linux – low-cost, reliable, powerful, open-source UNIX-like operating system Mac OS X – the latest OS from Apple for Macintosh computers Mountain Lion |
Operating Systems
|
|
|
Custom Software
|
designed and created specifically
|
Software
|
|
|
COTS: Commercial Off The Shelf
|
developed to sell many copies (usually for profit)
“closed source” |
Software
|
|
|
Open Source Software
|
anyone may modify the software
the documentation and source code are available to anyone |
Software
|
|
|
Cloud Computing
|
Software & virtualized hardware are provided as a service over the Internet
|
Software
|
|
|
Software Licensing
|
in most cases software is not purchased but “licensed” for use under very specific circumstances
|
Software
|
|
|
When do you actually own your software?
|
When you write it
|
Software
|
|
|
Machine Languages
|
first generation language
instructions written in binary (0s or 1s) |
Programming Languages
|
|
|
Assembler Languages
|
2nd generation language
uses symbols/mnemonics to represent operational codes |
Programming Languages
|
|
|
High-Level Languages
|
third generation language
BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, C++ |
Programming Languages
|
|
|
Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL)
|
users tell the computer what results they want, but the computer decides how to get there
|
Programming Languages
|
|
|
Fifth Generation Languages (5GL)
|
natural languages, very close to English
The Star Trek standard: |
Programming Languages
|
|
|
Object-Oriented Languages
|
combine the data elements & the programs that act on them into Objects
|
Programming Languages
|
|
|
Programming Tools
|
Helps programmers identify and minimize errors as they write code
|
Programming Tools
|
|
|
CASE Tools (Computer-Aided Software Engineering)
|
Automated software support tools for developing systems
Helps with documentation |
Programming Tools
|
|
|
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
|
A page description language
Not a programming language |
Web and Internet Languages and Tools
|
|
|
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
|
describes the content of Web pages by applying contextual labels to the data
|
Web and Internet Languages and Tools
|
|
|
Java
|
a platform independent, object-oriented programming language; very powerful
|
Web and Internet Languages and Tools
|
|
|
Applets
|
small Java programs that can be executed by any computer running any OS anywhere on the network
|
Web and Internet Languages and Tools
|
|
|
.NET
|
Microsoft’s collection of programming support for Web services
|
Web and Internet Languages and Tools
|
|
|
Entity
|
An object in the real world we are going to model in the database
Person, place, thing, or event |
Data Management
|
|
|
Attribute
|
A characteristic or quality of an entity
|
Data Management
|
|
|
Character
|
The most basic logical data element that can be observed
represented by one byte |
Data Concepts
|
|
|
Field/Column
|
a grouping of related characters
represents an attribute of some entity |
Data Concepts
|
|
|
Record/Row
|
a grouping of attributes that describe an entity
|
Data Concepts
|
|
|
Table (or File)
|
a group of related data records
|
Data Concepts
|
|
|
Database
|
a collection of logically related data elements, usually organized in related tables
|
Data Concepts
|
|
|
Hierarchical Structure
|
treelike structure of one-to-many parent-child relationships (each child can have only one parent)
|
Database Models
|
|
|
Network Structure
|
similar to hierarchical but allows many-to-many relationships (a child record can have more than one parent)
|
Database Models
|
|
|
Object-Oriented Structure
|
combines the data of interest and the processes that act on that data into a structure called an object
This combination process is called encapsulation |
Database Models
|
|
|
Inheritance
|
allows use of some/all of the characteristics of a parent object in the creation of a child object
|
Database Models
|
|
|
Relational Structure
|
data is represented as a series of two-dimensional tables
each column is a named attribute of the entity each row is an unnamed instance of that entity |
Database Models
|
|
|
Primary key
|
uniquely identifies each record
|
Database Models
|
|
|
Foreign key
|
makes connections between tables possible
|
Database Models
|
|
|
Relational Operations
|
Select
Create a subset of records that meets a criterion Join Temporarily combine two or more tables for comparison Project Create a subset of the columns in temporary tables |
Database Models
|
|
|
Database Administrator (DBA)
|
controls development and administration of the database
|
Database Development
|
|
|
Data Definition Language (DDL)
|
used to specify the contents, relationships, and structure of the database
|
Database Development
|
|
|
Data Dictionary
|
contains the metadata about the structure, data elements, & other characteristics
|
Database Development
|
|
|
Metadata
|
data about the data
|
Database Development
|
|
|
Data Planning and Database Design
|
Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Logical model of the data and the relationships between the data |
Database Development
|
|
|
Data Redundancy
|
same data is kept in more than 1 location
|
Problems with File Processing
|
|
|
Lack of Data Integration
|
data not easily available for ad hoc request
|
Problems with File Processing
|
|
|
Data Dependence
|
data & programs were “tightly coupled”
|
Problems with File Processing
|
|
|
Lack of Data Integrity (or Standardization)
|
data was defined by different end users or applications
|
Problems with File Processing
|
|
|
Problems with File Processing
|
Solution: Consolidate the data from separate files into databases accessible by multiple application programs
|
Problems with File Processing
|
|
|
Database Management System (DBMS)
|
a collection of programs to
Create Maintain and Use (retrieve) data in a database |
Problems with File Processing
|
|
|
Structured Query Language (SQL)
|
Standard fourth-generation query language used by many DBMS packages
|
Data Manipulation
|
|
|
Query by example (QBE)
|
Use query forms instead of keywords
Graphical interface |
Data Manipulation
|
|
|
Operational Databases
|
store detailed data to support business processes & operations
|
Types of Databases
|
|
|
External Databases
|
outside the firm, free or fee based
|
Types of Databases
|
|
|
Hypermedia Databases
|
hyperlinked pages of multimedia
|
Types of Databases
|
|
|
Data warehouse
|
Collection of data
extracted from other databases used to support decision-making applications and Generate business intelligence Contains multidimensional, static data |
Data
|
|
|
Data mart
|
subset of a data warehouse focusing on a single topic, consumer, product, etc.
|
Data
|
|
|
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
|
Generates business intelligence
Uses multiple sources of information and provides multidimensional analysis of a hypercube Drill down & up/slicing & dicing |
Output
|
|
|
Data Mining
|
analyzing a data warehouse to reveal hidden patterns & trends
Looking for surprises Ex. Beer & diapers |
Output
|
|
|
The Concept of a Network
|
An interconnected/interrelated system
|
Network
|
|
|
Metcalfe’s Law
|
The utility of a network approximately equals the square of the number of users .
|
Network
|
|
|
Telecommunications
|
the exchange of information in any form over an electronic network
|
Telecommunications
|
|
|
Internet Networking Technologies
|
open systems with unrestricted connectivity using internet networking technologies
Cost effective Easily understood |
Telecommunications
|
|
|
Intranet
|
a private internal network using internet technologies
|
Intranets
|
|
|
Business Value of Intranets
|
– can become an enterprise information portal supporting communications and collaboration
|
Intranets
|
|
|
Extranet
|
– A private network using internet technologies opened to select external entities for purposes of communications
Purpose – interconnect the business with its suppliers/customers/business partners This type of network is disappearing |
Intranets
|
|
|
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
|
Between cities, connected by common carrier ex. Phone company
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
|
Connected over specific geographic area
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Local Area Networks (LAN)
|
Within short distance, inside firm, firm owns business
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Client/Server Networks
|
a powerful, central computer (server)
Providing info and processing (services) to multiple end-user computers (clients) |
TN
|
|
|
Network Computing
|
a minimally-powered, browser-based computer obtains its data and processing over the internet
|
TN
|
|
|
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
|
a network using internet as a backbone but incorporating security for privacy
|
TN
|
|
|
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P) (napster)
|
Central Server Architecture – P2P software connects a PC to the central server with a directory of all other users (peers)
Pure Peer-to-Peer – PCs connected to each other without any central server |
TN
|
|
|
Analog (continuous)
|
– any value between the maximum/minimum value is possible (e.g., any frequency between 20hz and 20K hz)
|
Digital and Analog signals
|
|
|
Digital (discrete)
|
only certain values are permitted (e.g., 0 and 1)
|
Digitial and Analog signals
|
|
|
Media
|
the physical pathway over which signals travel
|
Media
|
|
|
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
|
Between cities, connected by common carrier ex. Phone company
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
|
Connected over specific geographic area
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Local Area Networks (LAN)
|
Within short distance, inside firm, firm owns business
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
|
Between cities, connected by common carrier ex. Phone company
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Client/Server Networks
|
a powerful, central computer (server)
Providing info and processing (services) to multiple end-user computers (clients) |
TN
|
|
|
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
|
Connected over specific geographic area
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Local Area Networks (LAN)
|
Within short distance, inside firm, firm owns business
|
Telecommunications networks
|
|
|
Network Computing
|
a minimally-powered, browser-based computer obtains its data and processing over the internet
|
TN
|
|
|
Client/Server Networks
|
a powerful, central computer (server)
Providing info and processing (services) to multiple end-user computers (clients) |
TN
|
|
|
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
|
a network using internet as a backbone but incorporating security for privacy
|
TN
|
|
|
Network Computing
|
a minimally-powered, browser-based computer obtains its data and processing over the internet
|
TN
|
|
|
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P) (napster)
|
Central Server Architecture – P2P software connects a PC to the central server with a directory of all other users (peers)
Pure Peer-to-Peer – PCs connected to each other without any central server |
TN
|
|
|
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
|
a network using internet as a backbone but incorporating security for privacy
|
TN
|
|
|
Analog (continuous)
|
– any value between the maximum/minimum value is possible (e.g., any frequency between 20hz and 20K hz)
|
Digital and Analog signals
|
|
|
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P) (napster)
|
Central Server Architecture – P2P software connects a PC to the central server with a directory of all other users (peers)
Pure Peer-to-Peer – PCs connected to each other without any central server |
TN
|
|
|
Digital (discrete)
|
only certain values are permitted (e.g., 0 and 1)
|
Digitial and Analog signals
|
|
|
Analog (continuous)
|
– any value between the maximum/minimum value is possible (e.g., any frequency between 20hz and 20K hz)
|
Digital and Analog signals
|
|
|
Media
|
the physical pathway over which signals travel
|
Media
|
|
|
Digital (discrete)
|
only certain values are permitted (e.g., 0 and 1)
|
Digitial and Analog signals
|
|
|
Media
|
the physical pathway over which signals travel
|
Media
|
|
|
Twisted-Pair Wire
|
pair very thin copper wires twisted in opposite direction
cheap, easy to use, low bandwidth |
Media
|
|
|
Coaxial Cable
|
central copper wire wrapped with insulated wire braid surrounded by cover
Not as easy to manipulate |
Media
|
|
|
Fiber Optics
|
hair-thin glass fibers wrapped in protective jacket, conducts light
difficult to handle, expensive, highest bandwidth |
Media
|
|
|
Bandwidth
|
amount of data that can be transformed from 1 form to another in a certain time period
|
Media Capacity
|
|
|
Attenuation
|
loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device
|
Media Capacity
|
|
|
Terrestrial Microwave
|
towers and line-of-sight radio signals, towers placed on hills and tops of buildings
|
Wireless technologies
|
|
|
Satellites
|
also use microwaves, satellites in geosynchronous orbits, for voice, video, and data
|
Wireless Technologies
|
|
|
Wireless LANs
|
cheaper than re-wiring a building
|
Wireless Technologies
|
|
|
Modems – Modulate/Demodulate
|
change digital signals to analog and analog to digital to use common carrier (voice lines) between computers
|
Telecom Processors
|
|
|
Inter-Network Processors
|
connect networks
switches, routers, hubs |
Telecom Prcessors
|
|
|
Multiplexor
|
allows a single channel to carry multiple signals at one time
|
Telecom Processors
|
|
|
Protocols
|
formal rules for communications
|
internet protocols
|
|
|
TCP/IP
|
Transmission Control protocol/Internet Protocol
the standard protocol suite for the Internet |
internet protocols
|
|
|
Voice Over IP
|
Internet telephony, replaces public-switched service
Example: Vonage |
internet protocols
|
|
|
Switching Alternatives
|
packet switching and other new ideas to replace the standard circuit switching of POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service)
|
w
|
|
|
Information Systems for a business enterprise
|
Support Strategies for Competitive Advantage
Support Business Making Decisions Support Business Processes and Operations |
it business
|
|
|
Major Areas
|
- Foundation Concepts
- Information Technologies - Business Applications - Development Processes - Management Challenges |
|
|
|
E-business
|
is the use of Internet technologies to work and empower business processes
|
|
|
|
E-Commerce
|
is the buying, selling, marketing and servicing of products, services and information over a variety of computer networks
|
|
|
|
Batch processing
|
transactions data are accumulated over time and processed periodically
|
Transaction processing systems
|
|
|
Real time or online
|
processing data are processed immediately after a transaction occurs (ex sales inventory)
|
Transaction processing systems
|
|
|
Process control systems
|
monitor and control physical processes (ex petroleum refining)
|
|
|
|
Enterprise Collaboration systems
|
enhance team and workgroup communications and productivity and include applications that are sometimes called office automation (ex video conference)
|
|
|
|
Functional business systems
|
system that focuses on operational and managerial applications in support of basic business functions such as accounting or marketing
|
|
|
|
Expert Systems
|
knowledge-based systems that provide expert advice and act as expert consultants to users
|
|
|
|
Knowledge management systems
|
Knowledge-based systems that support the creation, organization and dissemination of business knowledge within the enterprise.
|
|
|
|
Hardware resources
|
includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing not only machines but also media. That is tangible objects on which data are recorded
|
|
|
|
Computer Peripherals
|
devices such as keyboard, electronic mouse etc.
|
|
|
|
Data
|
is the raw facts information is the data converted into meaningful context for end user
|
|
|
|
Network computers
|
is a microcomputer category designed primarily for use with the Internet and corporate intranets
|
|
|
|
Midrange systems
|
are primarily high-end networks servers and other types of servers that can handle large-scale processing. Not as powerful as mainframe systems
|
|
|
|
Mainframe systems
|
large, fast and powerful computer systems
|
|
|
|
Supercomputers
|
extremely powerful computer systems specifically designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications
|
|
|
|
Online devices
|
are separate from, but can be electronically connected to and controlled by a cpu
|
|
|
|
Off-line devices
|
are separate from and not under the control of the CPU
|
|
|
|
Direct access/ random-access memory (RAM)
|
is a primary storage media such as semiconductor memory chips
|
|
|
|
Sequential access
|
media such as magnetic tape cartridges
|
|
|
|
Random-access memory (RAM)
|
each memory position can be both sensed (read) and changed(written)
|
|
|
|
ROM read-only memory
|
Nonvolatile random-access memory chips are used for permanent storage, they can be read but not erased or overwritten
|
|
|
|
RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks)
|
combine from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives and their control microprocessors into a single unit have huge capacities
|
|
|
|
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
|
a system for tagging and identifying mobile objects such as store merchandise, postal packages, and sometimes even living organisms
|
|
|
|
Software Suites
|
bundle together a variety of general-purpose software applications (ex Microsoft office)
|
|
|
|
Integrated packages
|
Microsoft Works combine some but not all of the functions of several programs
|
|
|
|
Personal information manager (PIM)
|
is a popular software package for end-user productivity and collaboration (ex Outlook)
|
|
|
|
Groupware
|
is software that helps workgroups and teams collaborate to accomplish group assignments
|
|
|
|
Middleware
|
is software that helps diverse software applications and networked computer systems
|
|
|
|
Object oriented model
|
is considered one of the key technologies of a new generation of multimedia Web-Based applications
|
|
|
|
OBJECT
|
consists of data values describing the attributes of an entity plus the operations that can be performed upon the data.
|
|
|
|
Data resource management
|
a managerial activity that applies information systems technologies like database management and other data management tools to the task of managing an organization
|
|
|
|
Replication
|
using a specialized software application that looks at each distributed database, once these changes have been identified the replication process makes all of the distributed databases look the same
|
|
|
|
Duplication
|
identifies one database as a master and then duplicates that database
|
|
|
|
Open systems
|
are information systems that use common standards for hardware software applications and networking
|
|
|
|
Middle Ware
|
a general term for any programming that serves to glue together or mediate between two separate, and usually already existing.
|
|
