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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sir Robert Peel
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"Father of Modern Policing"
- Pushed to establish Metro Police Act |
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Political Era
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(1840-1920/30)
close ties between police and political leaders. -police helped leaders get votes for favored candidates -payoffs for hire/ promotions |
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Problems emerging from Political Era
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- Controversy over uniforms, arming police, use of force
- officers were selected entirely on connections - lack of education, no hiring standards -officers patrolled on foot -lack of communication -lack of supervision |
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Professional Model Era
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(1920-1980)
-influenced by the Progressives -concerned with social reformed and social justice |
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Changes due to the Professional Model Era
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- reduced influence of politics
-standardized preserves training - concept of police as a profession |
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major elements of Professional Model Era:
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- police should stay out of politics
- officers should be well trained -laws should be enforced equally -personnel procedures based on merit -main task should be fighting crime -take advantage of technology |
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August Vollmer
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father of American Police Professionalism
- emphasized importance of training -made efforts to recruit college educated -utilized psychological screening during hiring process -finger printing, motorcycle units - promoted diversity in policing hiring women/ blacks |
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Three major technological innovations during Professional Model Era:
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1.)Telephone- facilitated citizens calls for service
2.)Two-way radio- quick dispatch to calls and constant supervision 3.) motorized patrols- timely response to calls, efficient patrol coverage, distance from public |
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Challenges brought up due to the Professional Era
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-urban riots, civil rights movements, antiwar movements
-crime rates rose -slashing of police budgets -" Due Process revolution" |
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Mapp v. Ohio
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Exclusionary Act ( evidence found cannot be used in trial)
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Miranda v. AZ
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protection against self incrimination
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Trap of Technology
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overreliance on motorized patrols
officers ignorant about the needs and concerns of communities they were serving |
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Community Policing Era
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(1970- Present)
-increased number of patrols in neighborhoods, but had little effect on crime rates, fear of crime. -rapid response did no increase likelihood of arrest taking place -"Broken Windows" hypothesis |
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Federal Level Law Enforcement Agencies
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Homeland Security, Department of Justice, Department of Treasury, Department of State
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State Level Law Enforcement
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State Police, Highway Patrols
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Local Level Enforcement
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County, Municipal, Special police agencies
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Department of Justice
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- agencies within it are charged with the responsibilities of enforcing laws created by congress
-headed by US Attorney General Eric Holder - Agencies with it: DEA, FBI, US Marshals Service, ATF |
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FBI
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- broadest legal jurisdiction of any fed. agencies
-have primary investigative responsibility for roughly 250 different criminal offense under federal law - protect US from terrorism - Foreign espionage -respond to cybercrime -combat public corruption -hate crimes -white collar crime |
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J. Edgar Hoover
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Critical figure in history of FBI
- most famous Director of FBI -Increased agency's prominence among general public -improved professionalism of agency |
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DEA
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- enforcement of federal drug laws
-disrupt drug traffickers -eliminate drugs as close as possible to the source |
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U.S. Marshals Service
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-appointed to each federal court system( appointed by Pres. confirmed by Senate, serve 4 year terms.)
-Protect federal judiciary( fed. judges, prosecutions, jurors) -Pursuit and arrest of federal fugitives -serve federal bench warrants - operate witness security program -"Con Air" - Transport fed. prisoners |
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ATF
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-earliest responsibility was collection of tax revenue from sales of tobacco.
-gained prominence during prohibition era - investigate federal criminal and regulatory law violations regarding: possession of firearms and explosives, acts of arson, illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products. |
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Homeland Security
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- headed by Homeland Security secretary Janet Napolitano
-created in 2002 as a response to 9/11 -CBP, ICE, US border patrol, US Secret Service, Federal Air Marshals Service -Goal: prevent terrorism within US, reduce country's vulnerability to terrorism |
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CBP( Bureau of Customs and Border Protection)
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- CBP agent are stationed at ports of entry(official entry of crossing points into US). They are first line of defense
-Goal: secure US borders from illegal entry and contraband |
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US Border Patrol
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- mobile uniformed unit that patrols US borders between official ports of entry
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ICE ( Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement)
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-Largest investigative of DHS
-apprehension, detention, and deportation of individuals who have managed to enter the US illegally. -investigate human trafficking schemes, immigration fraud, and immigration law violations - "Shadow Wolves" unit consisting entirely of Native Americans . |
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US Secrete Service
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-original purpose was to address the counterfeiting of US currency
-assumed full-time responsibility to protect President in 1902 - Moved to DHS in 2003 - Special agents: protection of President, Vice President, and family. Protect foreign dignitaries, pres-elect, vice-elect -uniformed division: white house and vice president residency, foreign embassies in DC |
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Federal Air Marshals
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deter threats to passengers and flight crew on civilian commercial aircraft.
- specialize in close quarter self defense, handgun accuracy, terroristic behavior recognition |
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State Police
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full service police departments with statewide jurisdiction
-investigative capabilities as well as traffic law enforcement |
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Highway Patrols
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more limited authority
- focus on traffic matters on state highways -enforcement of trafficking laws and investigation of accidents |
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Investigation agencies
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-found in states that have highway patrols, also called Bureau of Investigations
-operate state crime lab and assist local law enforcement |
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Limited Purpose Agencies
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-Have limited legal jurisdiction- exist to enforce specific set of state laws
-Often concerned with enforcing state health and safety regulations - EX. game wardens, alcohol control boards, gaming control boards |
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what level of law enforcement do most americans work at?
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Local
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County Sheriff
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- conduct investigations, make arrests, county courthouse security, serving warrants, operate county jail facilities, transport jail inmates
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County police departments
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municipal police that operate on a countrywide basis
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Special Police agents
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small agencies with limited legal and geographical jurisdiction.
EX. TU police |
