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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transitions
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changes in social status or social roles
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Theory
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conceptual model of some aspect of life
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Discipline
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a distinct body of knowledge, requiring the establishment of separate academic unit
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Social Institution
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pattern of social interaction that has a relatively stable structure and persists over time
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Social Gerontology
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part of gerontological knowledge, includes psychosocial, socieoeconomic-environmental, and practice-related studies of aging
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Micro-level Theroies
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describe people and their relationships
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Macro-level Theroies
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look at social institutions, social systems, and whole societies
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Interpretive Perspective
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how people relate to one another, how they define situations, and how they create social order
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Symbolic Interaction
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how symbols such as clothing, body language, and written words shope social relations
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Social Phenomenology
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look at conversation to find the methods people use to maintain social relations, view social order as a creation of everday interaction
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Thomas Theorem
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if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
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Three Critiques of Interpretive Perspective
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1. overlooks links between individual and larger social institutions
2. does not look at impact of social policies on people or groups 3. does not discuss power and conflict between social groups |
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Functionalist Perspective
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views society as a system made up of many parts
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Age Stratification Theory
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links individual aging to social institutions, and discusses individual aging, societal aging, and cohort flow
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Age Cohort
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group of people born at about the same time
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Young Old
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age 65-74
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Old Old
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age 75-84
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Oldest Old
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age 85+
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Three Assumptions of Structural-Functionalist Approach
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1. assumes that norms and values influence individual aging
2. describes relationship between individual and society as a feedback loop 3. tends to see society as a homogeneous set of structures and functions that all people in a cohort experience |
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Three Strenghts of Age Stratification
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1. helped separate age differences from age changes over life course
2. highlights the impact of historical and social changes on individuals and cohorts 3. highlights relationship between aging and social sturctures |
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Three Critiques of Functionalist Perspective
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1. all people in an age cohort experience stuctures and functions the same way, but doesn't focus on diversity within cohorts
2. overlooks the person's interpretations of the social world 3. have a conservative bias |
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Life Course Approach
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bridges micro and macro levels and incorporates social interaction and social structure within its framework
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Five Principles of Life Course Perspective
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1. human development and aging take place throughout life
2. history and location shape individual's life 3. life transitions and events vary depending on when they take place in a person's life 4. individuals are linked to others and live interdependently 5. individuals give shape to their lives by taking action and making choices |
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Why do researchers use Life Course Approach?
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1. explain changes that take place in an individual over time
2. explain age-related and socially recognized life transitions 3. explain interaction of social life, history, culture, and personal biography |
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Life Course Approach at Micro-Level
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looks at how events and conditions early in life affect later life
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Life Course Approach at Macro-Level
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shows how cocial change and historical events can create differences between cohorts
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Trajectories
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refer to long-term patterns of stability and change
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Life Course Approach Contributions to Aging
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1. helps us unterstand the diversity within and between cohorts
2. brings together sociological, psychological, anthropological, and historical approaches 3. understands aging as a dynamic process that takes place throughout life |
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Conflict Perspective
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looks at the tensions that exist between groups in society
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Political Economy Theory
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type of conflict theory that looks at the state, economy, social class, and their impact on people
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Cumulative Disadvantage Theory
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focuses on lifelong effects of inequality, or the more disadvantages individuals experience the more likely they are to have greater disadvantages
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Feminist Theories
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society is gendered by nature, and that gender defines social interaction and life experiences including aging
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Contributions of Feminist Theories
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1. recognize importance of social structure, social interaction and individual characteristics
2. present a more inclusive picture of aging and older adults by focusing on majority of older population and on issues that are relevant to women's lives 3. challenge traditional focus on men in research and ageist biases in mainstream feminist theories that ignore issues of age 4. challenge political economy studies that focus on labor market and inequality related to work |
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Critique of Conflict Perspective
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1. overemphasize poverty and problems that older people face
2. overemphasize effect of social structures on individual aging 3. tend to see the person as the product of social and political forces |
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Narritive Gerantology
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seeks to understand inside of by studying stories people tell to organize and make sense of their lives
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Moral Economy Theory
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looks at the shared moral assumptions held by members of a society
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Theory of Gerantoloty Feild Similarities
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1. study cumulative advantages and disadvantages of aging
2. interrelationship of environment and person 3. variability that comes with aging 4. need for cross-disciplinary thinking |
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Social Gerantology
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understand changes that take place in individuals over time
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Correlation
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regular relationship between two variables, but even high correlation doesn't mean cause and effect
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Age Effects
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due to physical decline, appear with passage of time
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Cohort Effects
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time of a person's birth, a group of people born in the same time have common background and views
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Period Effects
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time of measurement, including historical events or changes in health habits
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Cross-Sectional Study
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study several age groups at one point in time
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Uses for Cross-Sectional Designs
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1. data sets may already exist, saving time and money
2. can control for environmental events that might affect study 3. allow the researcher to gather data about many age groups in one study |
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Longitudinal Studies
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look at age cohorts or individuals over time
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Longitudinal Problems
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1. take many years to complete
2. cost more than cross-sectional studies 3. fewer grants exist 4. lose members over time |
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Paradigms
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frameworks used to think about and organize understanding of natural or social phenomena. what to ask and how to conduct studies
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Positivism
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apply methods of natural science: mathmatical measurements, statistical methods, cause and effect model
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Quantitative Methods
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emphasize relationships between and among variables through numerical measurements
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Qualitative Methods
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interpretive theoretical approach to understand data by interviews, life histories, case studies, analysis of content of documents or artifacts, and observation
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Three Ethical Things Researchers Consider
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1. need for informed consent
2. need to guard subjects against harm or injury 3. need to protect individuals identity |
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Informed Consent
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researcher tells subjects facts about the research and gets written permission before they take part in the study
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