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3 Cards in this Set
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Universality- conclusions drawn can be applied to everyone, psychologists beliefs can be biased. Alpha bias- focuses on differences, favours men, Freud women’s superego weaker. Chodorow mother daughter bound stronger. Beta bias- ignores differences, assumes findings apply to both genders. Fight or flight, make animals favoured, due to hormonal changes in females. Taylor tend and befriend, oxytocin is increased with stress. Attachment, women solely provide emotional care. Androcentrism- male centred, 100 psychologist list, 6 female. Women behaviour misunderstood blamed on hormones. |
Biological vs social- gender differences seem as fixed, findings of loads of studies, girls better verbal, boys spatial. Said differences hardwired. But no brain structural differences, accepted because fit stereotypes. Careful when accepting bio facts. Counterpoint- should study gender brain differences, social stereotype girls better multitasking true, women’s brain better connections, may be some different. Sexism- promotes sexism in research, lecturers most likely male, male led research, disadvantage for female participants. May expect females to be irrational, expectations lead to underperformance. Institutional structures may produce gender bias research. Gender bias research- research related not published. Found 1000 articles, funded less worst journals. Fewer scholars aware, don’t apply it to work. Compared to ethnic bias not taken as seriously. |
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Cultural bias- norms/ standards set by WEIRD people Ethnocentrism- superiority of one’s culture. From western cultures, strange situations reflects American norms, ideal attachment shows moderate distress from mother. Misinterpretation of child rearing, Japan more likely insecure as showed distress, normally always with mother Cultural relativism- etic approach, behaviour outside a culture and attempts to universalise it. Emic approach, inside culture and behaviours specific for that culture. Sims worth is imposed etic, behaviour inside 1 culture and assumed it can be universal. Berry said psychological often guilty of imposed etic, when actually it’s emic research. Need to be mindful of research |
Classic studies- many influential studies culturally bias, social influence, ash all participants US males, when ash’s studies done in collectivist cultures higher rates of conformity. Counterpoint- increased media no difference in cultures. Individualist countries independence, collectivist countries value society. However 14/15 studies comparing US+Japan found no evidence of differences. Suggests cultural bias less of an issue. Cultural psychology- how people are shaped by culture. Using emic approach used local researchers and local techniques. Modern psychologists aware of dangers of bias try to avoid it. Ethnic stereotyping- led to prejudice against certain groups. First intelligence test with WW1 recruits. Items ethnocentric, US presidents. African Americans lowest scores, used to inform discourse, ethic minorities deemed as mentally inferior compare to white majority. Cultural bias can be used to justify discrimination |
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Free will- self determining choose our own thoughts an actions, able to reject internal/external forces. Determinism- no free will. Hard, behaviour has a cause everything we think /do dictated by forces we can’t control. Soft, behaviour may be predictable but there’s room for personal choice. Types- Biological,autonomic system on stress response. Environmental, skinner and conditioning. Psychic, Freud and unconscious conflicts non accidents. |
Practical value- free will has practical value, thinking we have improved mental health, study found kids who believed fatalism greater risk of depression, even if no free will believing we do has positive impact |
