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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structural Functionalism?
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Structural Functionalism looks at the social system as an integrated whole. It suggests that both parts and whole are functional and produce equilibrium. Functionality may be:
Individual Interpersonal Societal |
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August Comte (1798-1857)
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Organic Whole
Individuals are functional Equilibrium |
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Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
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1. Social Organicism
-Growth and Development -Increase in size leading to increase in complexity and differentiation -Differentiation in structure leading to differentiation in function |
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Durkheim (1858-1917)
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Social Organism
Inter-relationship of parts and the whole |
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Talcott Parson (1902-1979)
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Functional Imperatives
Adaptation Goal Attainment Integration Latency |
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Social Differentiation
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Classification of individuals into various socially recognizable different groups. Such classifications may include social class, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and age.
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Social Inequality and Social Stratification
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A system of ranking individuals in terms of their access to, and possession of, the things valued by their society.
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Stratification: The Estate System
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Nobility
Clergy Peasants |
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Economic Stratifications
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Occupation
Income Wealth |
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Status Stratifications
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Personal Prestige
Association Socialization |
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Davis and Moore on Social Inequality (1945)
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No society is classless
Stratification is functional necessity Certain positions are more important and require special talent, skills, and training Social systems develop means to assign occupational positions Social systems develop mechanisms to fill various occupational positions Motivation to succeed |
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Criticism on Davis and Moore
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Functional significance is a cultural phenomenon
Unequal access to resources Stratification leads to status quo Development of favorable self images Produces conflict rather than integration in society (Melvin M. Tumin) |
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Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) (Social Solidarity)
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Social Solidarity
...Mechanical Solidarity -Simple division of labor -Homogenous -Similarity of individuals -Collective conscience -Individual ego not prominent ...Organic Solidarity -Complex division of labor -Differences -Interdependence -Increased individualism -Dehumanization |
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Durkheim and Social Inequality
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Division of labor
Internal and external inequality Class revolution |
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Max Weber (1864-1920) (Bureaucracy)
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1.Bureaucracy
-Impersonality -Hierarchy -Written system of rules -Clear division of labor -Contains precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge, unity, produces less friction and is low cost |
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Max Weber (Authority)
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Rational-Legal Authority
Traditional Authority Charismatic Authority |
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Weber and social inequality
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Classes: Position of an individual in the market that determines their class position
Property Classes Social Classes Commercial Classes |
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Weber (Status)
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Status: All aspects of life determined by a social estimation of honor
Restricted pattern of social interaction Sharing the benefits within groups Status conventions and traditions Monopoly over certain economic opportunities |
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Weber (Party)
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Party: Power within an organization for its leaders in order to attain ideal or material advantages for its active members
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Ruling Class and Elites
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Elites in Ancient Societies
Elites in Agrarian Societies Elites in Industrial Societies (Pareto, Gaetano, C.W. Mills, Anthony Giddens…) |
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What is Conflict Perspective?
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The conflict theorists believe that society is a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generates social change.
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Main Features (Conflict Perspective)
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Various parts of social system do not fit together harmoniously
Social order through force Competing goals of individuals leads to conflicts Limited resources lead to conflicts Conflict is the major source of real change in society Conflict theorists try to analyze who benefits from particular social arrangements |
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Karl Marx and Conflict Perspective (Evolution Society)
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1. Evolution of Society
Preclass Societies Asiatic Societies Ancient Societies Feudal Societies Capitalist Societies |
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Karl Marx and Conflict Perspective (Capitalism)
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Cooperation
Manufacture Modern |
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Karl Marx and Conflict Perspective (Forces of Production)
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Labor
Means of Production The Raw Material |
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Karl Marx and Conflict Perspective (Classes in Society)
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Bourgeoisie
(Have) Proletariat (Have Nots) |
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Karl Marx and Conflict Perspective (Class Conflict)
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Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat leading to social change
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Karl Marx and Conflict Perspective (Alienation)
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From work
From the product From other workers Self-alienation |
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Criticism (On Karl Marx and Conflict Perspective)
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Too much emphasis on economic organizations
Societies are not always under conflict Social conflict is rarely bipolarized Power is not always associated with property ownership Conflict does not always lead to social change |
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Main Features (structural functionalism)
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Society as an integrated whole
Systematic Individuals are indispensable Temporary imbalances Dysfunctional elements leading to social integration and equilibrium Social change is evolutionary Social integration through legitimization of social, economic, and political structure Social stratification is good |
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What are Social Organizations
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Stable patterns of social relationships among individuals and groups in a society
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Main Features (Social Organizations)
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Established Structure
Coordinated Functional Activities The End (The Results) Agents of Ordering Human Agents Socio-Cultural Agents |
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Operations of Social Organizations
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Creation of Human Relations
Provisions of Needs and Wants Creation and Maintenance of Social Order Predictability |
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What are Social Institutions?
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All the beliefs and all the modes of conduct instituted by the collectivity (Durkheim, 1938)
Set of Rules and Regulations that govern human needs |
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Functions of Social Institutions
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Economic Activities
Socialization Education Social Control Religion Preservation and Transmission of Culture |
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What Are Economic Institutions?
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Social organization of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a society.
Production of goods Distribution Consumption |
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Economic Systems of the World
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Capitalism
Welfarism Socialism Means of production are owned by the state Production for use, not profit No social stratification State is responsible for basic needs |
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Globalization of Economy
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Globalization refers to economic and political interdependence of nations around the globe
Globalization of production International Trade International Finance (World Bank, IMF, World Trade Organization, NAFTA) Cooperation among industrial nations Third world debt |
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Socioeconomic Consequences of Capitalism
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Environment degradation
Economic insecurity Social inequality Ascribed Economic Inequality Inheritance of property Inheritance of occupations Politics of Inequality Education and Economic Inequality Legal systems and Economic Inequality Advertising and Consumerism Create perceived desire or needs for products that are not necessary Planned artificial obsolescence Influence on the contents of mass media Over-emphasis on consumer goods and services (leading to alienation?) |
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Strengths of Capitalism
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Social Darwinism
Competition leading to excellence Creativity, Innovations, and Inventions Motivation to succeed Trickle down effect |
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What are Political Institutions?
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AN INTERRELATED NETWORK OR SYSTEM OF BELIEFS, ACTIVITIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND RELATIONSHIPS THAT DIRECTS AND REGULATES THE COLLECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF A SOCIETY OR OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
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EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
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1. POPULATION GROWTH
2. URBANIZATION 3. CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY 4. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE 5. INDUSTRIAL DIVISION OF LABOR 6. DIVERSITY, ANONYMITY, INDIVIDUALISM 7. CULTURAL DEFENSE |
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COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS (Political Institutions)
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C. COMPONENTS
1. STATE 2. GOVERNMENT 3. POLITICAL PARTIES D. FUNCTIONS 1. EXTERNAL PROTECTION 2. INTERNAL ORDER 3. PROTECTION AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS 4. ECONOMIC SUPPORT 5. BENEFIT ALLOCATION 6. PUBLIC SERVICES 7. LEGITMACY PROMOTION |
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Thomas Hobbes
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we are like other animals, we are selfish, cruel, self centered.
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Jean Rousseau
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disagree with thomas hobbs, we are different type of animals, we are born with the characteristics that we are nice, loving, caring.
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John Locke
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C. claims that we are a combination of both, we are neither.
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ELITE THEORY
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A. SOCIAL POWER IN ALL SOCIETIES IS IN THE FEW HANDS KNOWN AS ELITES
B. ELITES CONTROL THE MAJOR RESOURCES C. ELITES ALWAYS ENDEAVOR TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE THEIR POWER D. THEY USE MEANS TO RULE THE SOCIETY E. THEY ARE USUALLY INVISIBLE IN LARGE SOCIETIES AND COMPLEX GOVERNMENTS F. DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES ARE |
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THE PLURALIST MODEL
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THE PLURALIST MODEL SUGGESTS THAT INTEREST GROUPS AND LOBBYISTS WHO DO NOT REPRESENT ANY POLITICAL PARTY PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DECISION MAKING PROCESS AT LOCAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL
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MACHIAVELLI (1469 - 1527)
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A. MERCY, FAITH, INTEGRITY, HUMANITY, AND RELIGION SHOULD BE USED AS TOOLS
B. USE OF FORCE AND CRUELTY TO MAINTAIN ORDER C. AVOID NEUTRALITY D. VICIOUSNESS, GREED, CRUELTY, AND LUST E. CUNNING LIKE A FOX AND FORCEFUL LIKE A LION F. USE OF THREAT OF ATTACK BY OUTSIDER TO RULE |
