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22 Cards in this Set
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A hierarchical system of government and agriculture based on private contract. Land, worked by serfs attached to it, was held by vassals in exchange for military service and other duties to lords.
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Feudalism
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French art movement started around 1871 with Monet's "Impression of Sunrise" at Salon des Refuses in Paris.
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Impressionism
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The idea that the individual is more important than the state or any other group.
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Individualism
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The desire to reclaim land that once belonged to one's country and, in one's opinion, should again.
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irredentism
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The idea that a national economy must be strong and self-sufficient. Encourages establishment of a "favorable" balance of trade: export more than you import. Results in increase of gold in country. Developed along with national monarchies as a way to finance governments. Through the granting of monopolies governments made money and consolidated power. Monopolies enabled the products of one nation to be sold to advantage internationally, by controlling the supply. Favors tariffs in international trade to keep out imports and seeks to eliminate barriers to internal trade. Government participation is decisive so mercantilism will be opposed by the capitalists who want freedom from all government involvement in the economy.
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Mercantilism
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literary movement following realism in literature. Demonstrates the determination of human character by the natural and social environment. In France the most famous practitioner was Emile Zola.
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Naturalism
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Ideas of disgruntled intellectuals in 1860s Russia. They believed in "nothing" except science.
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Nihilism
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The belief that God and the universe are identical, which denies the personality and transcendence of God.
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Pantheism
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In culture it is associated with surfaces and superficial style including self-conscious parody and quotation. It is a reaction to the naïve confidence in progress and also again confidence in objective or scientific truth. These folks disagree with the idea that even though history admits of no one final description it does admit of more or less accurate ones.
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Post-Modernism
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Art and literature movement that followed Romanticism. Closely allied with Realpolitik in government. As a philosophy it is a "kind of unrealistic faith in the constructive value of struggle and a tough-minded rejection of ideas and ideals." (RRP)
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Realism
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English movement of philosophers who wanted to "deduce the right form of institutions from the very nature of and psychology of man himself." (RRP) Favored universal manhood suffrage, reform of Parliament.
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Radicalism
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French idea that a republican form of government is best. Opposed to the monarchists who were scared of the excesses of the Jacobins and their ancestors. Unlike liberals they favor universal suffrage. They are opposed to monarchy of any variety and they are opposed to the Catholic church since they think it is the enemy of reason and liberty.
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Republicanism
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Movement in art, music and literature that was a reaction against the classical period. Themes included emotion, supernatural, nationalism, cute peasants, historical themes, nature (especially dangerous nature), true love (often unrequited) and death.
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Romanticism
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The system of logic, philosophy and theology of medieval university scholars, includes the idea that reason and faith can be reconciled. The most famous practitioner is St. Thomas Aquinas. It is based on the writings of Aristotle and the early Christian fathers.
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Scholasticism
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Idea that the government should manage the economy, or aspects of the economy for the good of the people. 19th century socialists agreed that workers were unfairly treated, opposed competition as a principle of economic behavior, rejected laissez-faire, questioned the validity of the concept of private property.
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Socialism
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An intellectual movement from France in the 1960’s. It asserted that phenomena of human life do not make sense except through their inter-relations. The inter-relations constitute the “Structure” and there are laws that explain how the structure works. In anthropology the leading structuralist was Claude Levi-Strauss.
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Structuralism
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revolutionary French trade unionism. Its leader was Georges Sorel, whose book was “Reflections on Violence.” Its high point was 1895. Syndicalists accept the Marxist idea of class struggle and the need for revolution, but they argue that the state should be destroyed and not merely captured. Their method is the general strike executed through trade unions. The idea is that the government will be replaced with a federation of unions that will collectively own the means of production and distribution. Then each industry will be administered by the workers organized into “syndicats.”
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Syndicalism
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Idea of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) that the object of conduct and legislation is to achieve, in the words of Francis Hutchison, “the greatest good for the greatest number”. There is a strong relativist component since the morality of an action is defined by its utility: does it cause pleasure or pain? Bentham defines "good" as that which gives pleasure or stops pain and "bad" as that which gives pain.
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Utilitarianism
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Flavor of Catholicism that gives absolute obedience and allegiance to the Pope. Jesuits practice it. It finally prevailed over the Gallican and other nationalistic tendencies within the Church in the late 19th century
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ultramontanism
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Name for French Catholic Church since French kings wrested so much power from the Pope
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Gallicanism
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The idea that only what is tangible is real. "Everything mental, spiritual of ideal is an outgrowth of physical or physiological forces." (RRP) Marx was a materialist; so was Thomas Hobbes.
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Materialism
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It is the idea that all cultures have the same problems and solve them in different ways that fit their special geographical and historical conditions. No one culture is better than another; they are just "different."
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Cultural relativism
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