Island Biology

Front 1

Why loss of dispersal ability?

Back 1

Anti-Blow off defense
Avoid being blown away
Ground klabits
Predator absence
luxury
precinctiveness
herbivore absence
birds capable of flight vs. those who can't

Front 2

Darwin's Idea

Back 2

anti-blow off defense
Dezerte Grande smaller island than Madiera Island and has higher aptery % because it doesn't provide large crash landing area

Front 3

Peter Brinck

Back 3

support Darwin saying flight is reduced/vanished if very unlikely other favorable conditions nearby

Front 4

Drosophila

Back 4

avoid being blown away
vestigial wings increase from 12.5% to 67% in wind experiment

Front 5

Tristan da Cunha

Back 5

avoid being blown away
20 endemic species with only 2 with wings

Front 6

Sub antarctic

Back 6

very stressful wings
no safe haven for trees

Front 7

Moths

Back 7

female moths more values
less expendable than males
males look for females

Front 8

Ground klabits

Back 8

better for them to crawl, walk, or hop to gather food
no need to fly

Front 9

Predator absence

Back 9

no birds, insects, lizards

Front 10

luxury

Back 10

wings not energetically cheap
natural selection decreases negative valued structures
invest energy towards bigger eyes or bigger ovaries

Front 11

precinctiveness for animals

Back 11

beneficial for young to stay near mother in favorable environment
mutualistic relationship with plant

Front 12

herbivore absence for animals

Back 12

dodos and ostriches take place of plain grazers
don't need wings

Front 13

Roff

Back 13

no statistical evidence for relationship between flightlessness of insects and oceanic islands, but did see relationship only in rails (bird)

Front 14

Whittaker

Back 14

claimed Roff didn't consider insects with reduced wings

Front 15

reasons for loss of dispersal ability in plants

Back 15

no need for air dispersal, adhesion to feathers, stickiness, being eaten by birds, ability to float

Front 16

Ferns

Back 16

progressively see bigger spores when move towards wetter forest conditions

Front 17

ways to loss grabbing ability for plants

Back 17

awns are reduced, closer together, no barbs, altogether absent, barbs aren't as hairy, bigger seeds

Front 18

Bidens pilosa

Back 18

ancestor
very hairy body
species close to marine birds nest

Front 19

E. rockii, E. remyi, and E. clusiaforlia

Back 19

bigger seeds, fewer seeds per capsule, live in wet forest, no goo, found on older islands

Front 20

Alectuyan carinatus, A. excelsus

Back 20

ancestors
small pea size fruit

Front 21

Erythruina

Back 21

non-Hawaiian
floatable seeds

Front 22

Why loss of dispersal ability in plants?

Back 22

precinctiveness, ecological shift, adaptations to shade, loss of dispersal vector

Front 23

Precinctiveness in plants

Back 23

beneficial for younger seeds to be limited/adapted to those favorable conditions

Front 24

Ecological shift in plants

Back 24

migrate from dry/coastal forests to wetter rain forests
begin to lose dispersal mechanisms

Front 25

Adaptation to shade

Back 25

large seeds adapted to shade
store enough energy, capture enough sunlight, make own food, become self-sustaining

Front 26

loss of dispersal vector

Back 26

B. pilosa in coastal areas near marine birds (vector) but become different species going further from marine birds

Front 27

annual

Back 27

plant that completes a life cycle and dies in 1 year or less

Front 28

biennial

Back 28

plant that completes a life cycle within 2 years (carrots)

Front 29

perennial

Back 29

plant that completes a life cycle for 3 or more years

Front 30

herb

Back 30

flowering plant; non-woody

Front 31

shrub

Back 31

low growing with several main stems from the ground

Front 32

tree

Back 32

wood plant with single main trunk which bears branches

Front 33

rosette

Back 33

cluster of leaves from short stem

Front 34

Why do plants tend to get woodier

Back 34

absence of trees, adaptive radiation opportunities, ecological shift, climatic moderation and lack of seasonality, absence of herbivores

Front 35

adaptive radiation opportunities

Back 35

islands have overall fewer players, so can perform AR to become woodier in islands with ideal tree conditions

Front 36

absence of herbivores for plants to get woodier

Back 36

unnatural herbivores are a negative impact on environment; only allow annuals to complete a life cycle; only existing trees survive; all offspring are eaten

Front 37

benefits of composites

Back 37

hardy, participates in aerial dispersal, partly woody stem (lettuce)

Front 38

examples of gigantism

Back 38

Earwig in St. Helena
Walking Stick in Moluscca Island
Tortoise in Aldabra Island
Rat in Indonesia

Front 39

examples of dwarfism

Back 39

gecko in West Indies and Island of Beata

Front 40

why larger size on islands?

Back 40

absence of large predators, absence of competing herbivores, simplicity of community structure, buffer against climatic variability

Front 41

shrub

Back 41

low growing with several main stems from the ground

Front 42

tree

Back 42

wood plant with single main trunk which bears branches

Front 43

rosette

Back 43

cluster of leaves from short stem

Front 44

Why do plants tend to get woodier

Back 44

absence of trees, adaptive radiation opportunities, ecological shift, climatic moderation and lack of seasonality, absence of herbivores

Front 45

adaptive radiation opportunities

Back 45

islands have overall fewer players, so can perform AR to become woodier in islands with ideal tree conditions

Front 46

absence of herbivores for plants to get woodier

Back 46

unnatural herbivores are a negative impact on environment; only allow annuals to complete a life cycle; only existing trees survive; all offspring are eaten

Front 47

benefits of composites

Back 47

hardy, participates in aerial dispersal, partly woody stem (lettuce)

Front 48

examples of gigantism

Back 48

Earwig in St. Helena
Walking Stick in Moluscca Island
Tortoise in Aldabra Island
Rat in Indonesia

Front 49

examples of dwarfism

Back 49

gecko in West Indies and Island of Beata

Front 50

why larger size on islands?

Back 50

absence of large predators, absence of competing herbivores, simplicity of community structure, buffer against climatic variability

Front 51

Arnold

Back 51

reasons for larger size on islands

Front 52

Foster

Back 52

compared island size with mainland size of animals

Front 53

Why do rodents typically get bigger?

Back 53

lack of predators, more intraspecific competition between rats, only the biggest wins

Front 54

explanations for Insular Dwarfism

Back 54

smaller individuals eat same food, but less because they are smaller; smaller individuals eat more of smaller more common food items

Front 55

lagomorphs

Back 55

hares, bunnies

Front 56

insectovores

Back 56

eat bugs, birds

Front 57

why does physical forms change when developing on islands?

Back 57

get bigger because they may not need to move as much and need to store more food during dry seasons; get shorter because it may be easier to crawl to gather food, appendages like beaks get bigger, color of feathers get more dull, etc

Front 58

Why do lizards get darker?

Back 58

screen out solar radiation, due to diet from sea-salt, use for thermoregulation

Front 59

Habitat islands

Back 59

an area that is covered by an environment not suitable for living for that species
lakes, mountain peaks, ponds

Front 60

MacArthur and Wilson

Back 60

Theory of Island Biogeography
why species diversity should change on Islands

Front 61

factors that determine the number of species that will inhabit the island

Back 61

extinction and immigration rates

Front 62

variables that affect extinction and immigration rates

Back 62

Island area and distance from mainland

Front 63

how id equilibrium dynamic

Back 63

even when species composition may change, the equilibrium will remain constant

Front 64

formula to analyze Island species number/area

Back 64

S = CA squared

Front 65

Darlington

Back 65

increase in area by 10 x leads to 2x more species number

Front 66

May

Back 66

z should be between 0.16 to 0.39

Front 67

Simburloff and Wilson

Back 67

mangrove experiment
fumigated area with resident arthropods, waited a year, monitored the immigration and extinction of incoming species;
found species composition changed (due to chance), but equilibrium remained

Front 68

high z value

Back 68

more insularity, smaller island, steep slope, fewer species, farther away, lower species richness

Front 69

low z value

Back 69

less insular, large island population, can be replenished better

Front 70

other similar oceanic islands that are biologically isolated

Back 70

old lakes, isolated mountain ranges, caves

Front 71

Hooper

Back 71

surveyed Cambridgeshire and Rockingham forest to compare degree of isolation; Cambridgeshire is 2% woodland with higher z value and below Rockingham forest line = more isolation (steeper slope) and lower richness (below other line)