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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arabia
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peninsula where islam took routes
deserts, tribal warfare |
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bedouins
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nomadic arab herders
organized into tribes |
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Mecca
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central muslim city
birthplace of muhummad |
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hanif
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arabic monotheists that weren't christian or jewish
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medina
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where muhammad fled after persecution by meccans
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hijrah
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flight from mecca
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muhammad
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central prophet of islam
built on judeo-christian teachings, monotheism |
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abu bakr
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muhammad's first successor
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umar
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muhammad's second successor
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uthman
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muhammad's third successor
killed by rebels for favoring own clan |
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fatima
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muhammad's daughter
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ali
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muhammad's son in law, married fatima
died, caused war of succession |
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mu'awiyah
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sunni-backed 4th successor
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husayn
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shi'ah-backed 4th successor, killed by sunnis
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sunnis
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caliphs can be any muslim
caliph is spiritual leader, not political people can reach god individually more popular, multi-ethnic |
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shi'a
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caliph has to be direct descendant of ali
imam should have supreme religious and political power imam necessary to reach god closed society |
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imam
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shi'a leader
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sharia
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islamic court
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polygamy
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man could marry multiple women
necessitated by death of men in war, harsh deserts |
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harem
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wive's quarters in household
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hijab
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head covering for women
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caliph
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rulers of islamic empire
became hereditary role |
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caliphates
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3 divisions in islamic empire
baghdad, cairo and cordoba |
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dower
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wedding gift given to bride's family
put a price on the bride |
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calligraphy
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used to express art because no images can depict god
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al-razi
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medicine in encyclopedia
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papermaking
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brought by muslims from china
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ibn-sina
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wrote canon of medicine
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ibn-rusd
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wrote about aristotle and plato
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algebra
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comes from arabic mathematicians
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arabic numbers
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hindu number system brought by muslim scholars
current number system |
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crusades
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wars by europeans to conquer holy land
spurred cult. dif. |
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saljuq turks
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warlike, provoked crusades by attacking byzantines
oppressed jews and christians |
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sultan
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turkish leader
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ottoman turks
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took constantinople
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janissaries
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elite turkish slave army
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harsha vardhana
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ruled united india, peace for 41 yrs.
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rajput
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son of king, divided india, warred among themselves
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kshatriya-dharma
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rajput honor code, way of the warrior
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suttee
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ritual suicide of widows
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the dehli sultanate
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aka mamluk empire
capital at dheli series of rulers from capital |
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muhammad ibn tughluq
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mamluk, extended south
murdered dad for throne |
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firuz shah tughluq
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made civil services, infrastructure
weakened gover |
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timur
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turkomongol interrupted dheli sult.
battle of dheli 1398 destroyed city defeated ottomans, delayed invasion of constantinople |
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babur the tiger
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mongol leader
incaded india, started mughal empire |
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akbar
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married rajputs, allied with them
mughal leader, encouraged arts tolerant of all religions had flexible taxes for poor |
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divine faith
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by akbar, said he was god, but didn't last long, unpopular
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shah jahan
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made taj mahal and hall of private audiences at red fort
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nanak
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founded sikhism
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sikhism
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combination of hindu and muslim beliefs
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arangzeb
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devoit sunni
persecuted shi'as, sufis, hindus weakened empire |
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salat
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obligatory prayer 5 times daily towards mecca
felxible for those unable to perform yogic positions |
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du'a
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personal communication with god, informal
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qublah
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direction of prayer, towards mecca
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salat al-juma
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friday noon prayer
as community |
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zakat
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almsgiving to the poor
given as tax to government, redistributed to poor or used for army |
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jihad
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fight to defend the faith
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sawm
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fasting during ramadan
influenced by jewish fasting encourages communal celebration, prayer |
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ramadan
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last month of islamic calendar
when quran was revealed to muhammad |
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hajj
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make pilgrimage to mecca atleast once in life if able to
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ka'ba
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simple cubic building, symbol of god's oneness
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grand mosque
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surrounds ka'ba
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ihram
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state of purity during hajj when everybody dresses simply, equality before god
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tawaf
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7 circumambulations around ka'ba
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mt. arafat
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travel there for hajj
where adam and eve went after banished by god |
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shahadah
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no god but god, and muhammad is his messenger
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tawhid
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idea that god is indivisible, undefinable
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shirk
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greatest sin, obscure god's oneness
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justinian
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greatest byzantine empire
led revival of culture |
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thodora
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just's wife, simple girl
convinced him to stay and fight off nika revolt |
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belisarius
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just's general, conquered much land in western europe, fought off nika revolt
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iconoclastic controversy
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western church in rome needed icons to teach to the illeterate
educated eastern forbade it, created tensions |
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cyril and methodius
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byz. brothers spread grecoroman teachings
created cyrillic, modern russian language |
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hagia sophia
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holy wisdom
church in constant. largest dome over cross, by just. |
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body of civil law
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just's scholars preserved roman law
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the code
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roman religion, early law
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the digest
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ideas of roman judges
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the institutes
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textbook on basic principles
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the novels
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new laws by just.
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justinianic code
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just's laws, used in middle ages and today
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