Islamic And Byzantine Empires

Front 1

Bedions

Back 1

The nomadic tribes of Arabis, whose only link was language and their animistic polytheistic religion

Front 2

Mecca

Back 2

The center of that civilization was a sacred city which became a prosperous commerical center cince no warfare or arms were allowed within its walls

Front 3

Ka' aba

Back 3

In the center of the sacred city was a sacred temple which housed the black stone, kabul they belived had been sent by the gods.

Front 4

Muhammad

Back 4

The founder of the religion of Islam, and last prophet

Front 5

Caliph

Back 5

The title of the relative of the prophet selcted to be the spiritual and governmental head of the islamic empire

Front 6

Ummayads

Back 6

Those who refused to acknowledge the succession of his cousin ali that overthrew his Caliphate and made their own tribe the hereditary rules from 661 to 751

Front 7

Shi'ites

Back 7

Muslims of non arab decent, resenting the favoritism shown to arab subjects, rejected the Umayyad claim and banded together into a new sect named the partisans of Ali

Front 8

Sunnis

Back 8

Those who accept all successors as being chosen by allah and consider themselves orthodox rejecting the teaching of the shiites and belong to the larger sect of islam

Front 9

Abbasids

Back 9

The turkish dynasty that overthre the Umayyads, reforming its decadence, broke down the restrictions on non-arab subjects and created a renaissance of learning an prosperity

Front 10

Vizer

Back 10

Absolute power of the Abbasid Caliph was carried out by a chief administrator named

Front 11

Diwan

Back 11

Royal council

Front 12

Emirates

Back 12

Followers of the Umayyads and Shiites led rebellions against the Abbasid empire creatin independent islamic kingdoms in Spain, north african coast, and their kingdoms were called this

Front 13

Seljuk Turks

Back 13

The steppe tribe who converted to the sunni sect of Islam, overthew the Abbasids, restored prosperity, and organized society into autonomous brotherhood with tolerant practices.

Front 14

Sultan

Back 14

Their ruler did not claim to be a decendant of the Prophet but had full secular authority granted by allah as the holder of power

Front 15

Saledin

Back 15

The powerful sultan who was responsible for conquering the Shiite kingdoms in egypt and syria and driving out the christain state establish by the first crusade

Front 16

Quran

Back 16

The teachings of the phrophet which cover all aspects and relationships of daily life are written down by his followers

Front 17

5 pillars of islam

Back 17

1. Obedience to Allahs will
2. Pray five times a day facing mecca
3. fast during ramadan
4. give alms to those in need
5. make every effor to make a pilgrimage to mecca once in lifetime

Front 18

Sharia

Back 18

the law of islam which regulates the daily lives of all moslems, based on the quaran.

Front 19

jihad

Back 19

a holy war against non believers, which promises complete forgiveness of all sins and paradise to those who die in allahs cause

Front 20

algebra

Back 20

In addition to outstanding advancements made by islamic scholors in philosophy and astronomy, they are famed for optics, chemistry, and created algebra.