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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do Shi‘a muslims believe?
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Shi'a Muslims believe in the teachings of the prophet Muhammad's family, whom they call the Ahl al-Bayt. The Shi'as think that the first three ruling Sunni caliphs had no importance to the development of the faith
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What do Sunni muslims believe?
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The Sunni branch of Islam has four legal schools of thought or madh'hab, which are all accepted among one another. The Sunni branch accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad and accepts hadiths narrated by the companions
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What is a fatwa?
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A legal opinion or ruling issued by an Islamic scholar
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Who is authorized to issue a fatwa?
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Mufti (Islamic Scholar)
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what is Jihad in english?
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struggle
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What is the concept of Jihad?
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defending the faith and protecting their family and nation, as well as defending innocent people. It can also mean fighting with yourself to become a better person.
It is an outer and inner struggle |
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Is Jihad a concept of Sunni Islam, Shi'a Islam or both?
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Shi'a Islam
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What is Madhhab?
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Muslim school of law
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What are the four Madhhabs?
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1.Maliki
2. Hanafi 3. Shafi’i 4. Hanbali |
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Where is the Maliki school concentrated?
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North and West Africa
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Where is the Hanafi school concentrated?
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Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China, Balkans, Turkey, Syria, Iraq
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Where is the Shafi’I school concentrated?
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Egypt, Somalia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malysia.
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Where is the Hanbali school concentrated?
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Saudi Arabia
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Ja'fari
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Ja'fari school of thought, the school of jurisprudence of Shi'a Muslims, derived from the name of Jaʿfar as-Ṣādiq, the 6th Shi'a Imam.
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How does Ja'fari differ from the other madhhabs?
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It differs from the four schools or madhhabs of Sunni jurisprudence in its reliance on ijtihad, the use of reason to interpret Islamic laws, as well as on matters of inheritance, religious taxes, commerce, personal status and the allowing of temporary marriage or mutʿa
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What is caliphate?
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refers to the first system of governance established in Islam, and represented the political authority and unity of the Muslim Ummah.
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Imamate
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leader, particularly of prayer
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Who was Abu Bakr?
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Muhammad's father-in-law and first Muslim ruler after death of Muhammad
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Who was 'Umar?
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Mohammad's companion. Second muslim ruler after Abu Bakr
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Who was 'Uthman?
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The third caliph of the Muslims. The Prophet's son-in-law
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Who was Ali?
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Mohammad's cousin. Fourth caliph of the Muslims
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What is calpih?
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head of state in the caliphate
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What are the Shi'a groups?
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Zaydis, Isma'ilis and the Twelvers
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What are the Zaydis?
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A madhhab of Shi'a (7%) concentrated in Yemen
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What are the Isma'ilis?
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A madhhab of Shi'a (5%) concentrated in South Asia, East Africa.
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What are the Twelvers or Imami Shi'as?
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A madhhab of Shi'a (88%) concentrated in Iran, Southern Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait.
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Who are the imams of the Zaydis?
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The Zaidis, Twelvers and Ismailis recognize the same first four Imams, however, the Zaidis recognise Zayd ibn Ali — not his brother Muhammad al-Baqir — as the "Fifth Imām".
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Who are the imams of the Twelvers?
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According to Twelvers, there is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first Imam of this line, and in the Twelvers' view, the rightful successor to the Prophet of Islam, followed by male descendants of Muhammad(also known as Hasnain's) through his daughter Fatimah. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan ibn Ali.[9] The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and in hiding
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Who are the imams of the Ismailis?
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The Ismāʿīlī get their name from their acceptance of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar as the appointed spiritual successor (Imām) to Jaʿfar aṣ-Ṣādiq,
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The Greater Occultation
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the time when the Hidden Imam ceased to communicate regularly until the time when he returns to restore the world
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Four main imams of Shi'a faith?
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- Ali (656-661)
- Hasan (d. 678) - Husayn (d. 680) - Ali Zayn al-‘abidin |
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Sufism
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defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam.
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Sufi
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a practitioner of Sufism
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Mu‘awiya
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Greatly controversial figure in Islam. Accepted by the Sunnis, rejected by the Shias as insincere. A companion of Mohammad who recorded Mohammad's Revelation. He became governor of Syria who opposed 'Ali in the Fitnah (civil war). Eventually 'Ali was murdered and his son Hasan declared caliph. Ultimately, however, Mu'awiya gained control and reunited the Ummah in 40/661, the Year of the Jamaa'
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Yazid ibn Mu'awiya
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the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first one by heredity), ruling for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. The period of Yazid's rule is thought of as a disaster for Muslims and his rule is still remembered by many, especially Shia Muslims. His period witnessed the massacre of Kerbala, losses in North Africa, and a loss of supremacy at sea. During this period, the spoilation and profanation of the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah by his forces occurred.
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680
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Battle of Karbala, massacre, and death of martyr Hussein, grandson of Muhammad
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maqamat
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stations and stages to achieve oneness with god
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samt
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In sufism, silence is important to listening and understanding
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tawakkul
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In sufism, trust
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What is the name of the great Shi'i scholar who is also highly regarded by the Sunnis?
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Jafar Al-Sadiq
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What is the title used by the Shi'is for the title of "caliph"?
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imam
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taqiyya
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Taqiyya is the Islamic practice of precautionary dissimulation whereby believers may conceal their Muslim faith when under threat, persecution or compulsion. Deemed legitimate and allowed by the Quran
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Ibadi
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is a form of Islam distinct from the Sunni and Shia denominations. It is the dominant form of Islam in Oman and Zanzibar. Believed to be one of the earliest schools, formed just 50 years after Mohammad's death
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Ta'ziyya
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Ta'ziyah (or Ta'ziyeh) is usually described as a passion play. It is performed in Shi'a communities during the month of Muharram to commemorate the death of the Prophet Muhammad's grandson, Hussain, at the battle of Karbala in AD 680.
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Tekyeh
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a place where Shias gather to mourn the killing of Husayn bin Ali.
Such places are particularly found in Iran. They are usually traditionally designed with observable elements of Persian architecture. Tehran is said to have had up to 50 Tekyehs in the Qajar era. |
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Kulafa al-rashidun
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs (الخلفاء الراشدون al-Khulafā’u r-Rāshidūn) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs who established the Rashidun Caliphate. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the Abbasid Dynasty. It is a reference to the Sunni tradition, "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood)
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'Umar
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the friend of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and one of his companions. Umar was, for 10 years, the second Muslim ruler after Muhammad's death
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Raj'a
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"Return". In Islamic terminology, according to Aljawahiri and Fayruzabadi, the term refers to the Second Coming, or the Return to Life, of a given past historical figure after that person's physical death
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Tariqa
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tariqah meaning "way, path, method", the Muslim spiritual path toward direct knowledge (maʿrifah) of God or Reality (ḥaqq). In the 9th and 10th centuries tariqa meant the spiritual path of individual Sufis (mystics). After the 12th century, as communities of followers gathered around sheikhs (or pīrs, “teachers”), tariqa came to designate the sheikh’s entire ritual system, which was followed by the community or mystic order. Eventually tariqa came to mean the order itself.
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dhikr
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(Arabic: “reminding oneself,” or “mention”), ritual prayer or litany practiced by Muslim mystics (Ṣūfīs) for the purpose of glorifying God and achieving spiritual perfection. the dhikr is essentially a “remembering” of God by the frequent repetition of his names. Originally a simple recitation of the Qurʾān and various religious writings among ascetics and mystics, the dhikr gradually became a formula
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Murid
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a Sufi term meaning 'committed one'. It refers to a person who is committed to a teacher in the spiritual path of Sufism
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Rumi
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a 13th-century Persian muslim poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic.
Main interests: Sufi poetry, Sufi whirling, Muraqaba, Dhikr Notable ideas: Persian poetry, Ney and Sufi dance |
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Kufi
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Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Nabataean script. Its name is derived from the city of Kufa, Iraq. although it was known in Mesopotamia at least a 100 years before the foundation of Kufa. At the time of the emergence of Islam, this type of script was already in use in various parts of the Arabian Peninsula. It was in this script that the first copies of the Qur'an were written.
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mihrab
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semicircular niche (architecture) in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Ka'ba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying
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minbar
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a pulpit in the mosque where the imam (leader of prayer) stands to deliver sermons or in the Hussainia where the speaker sits and lectures the congregation.
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sahn
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a courtyard. As per the traditional Islamic architectural style, almost every mosque has a sahn, which is surrounded by an arcade from all sides.
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khutba
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he primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition. Such sermons occur regularly, as prescribed by the teachings of all legal schools, at the dhuhr (noon) congregation prayer on Friday. In addition, similar sermons are called for on the two festival days.
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kuttab
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Basic school in Islamic education
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Thuluth
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a script variety of Islamic calligraphy, which made its first appearance in the 11th century CE (fourth Hijri). The straight angular forms of Kufic were replaced in the new script by curved and oblique lines
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Diwani
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a calligraphic variety of Arabic script, a cursive style developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th century - early 17th century). It was invented by Housam Roumi and reached its height of popularity under Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520-1566).
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Taliq
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one of the main script styles used in writing the Perso-Arabic script, and traditionally the predominant style in Persian calligraphy[1] It was developed in Iran in the 14th and 15th centuries. Although it is sometimes used to write Arabic-language text (where it is known as Taʿliq or Farsi and is mainly used for titles and headings), it has always been more popular in the Persian, Turkic, and South Asian spheres of influence
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Ru'qa
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s a calligraphic variety of Arabic script. The Ruqʿah style of handwriting is the most common type of handwriting. It is known for its clipped letters composed of short, straight lines and simple curves, as well as its straight and even lines of text. It was probably derived from the Thuluth and Naskh styles. It is clear and legible, and is the easiest script for daily handwriting
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naksh
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1. an Arabic language word usually translated as "abrogation"; it shares the same root as the words appearing in the phrase al-nāsikh wal-mansūkh (الناسخ والمنسوخ, "the abrogating and abrogated [verses]"). It is a term used in Islamic legal exegesis for seemingly contradictory material within or between the twin bases of Islamic holy law:
2. a specific calligraphic style for writing in the Arabic alphabet, thought to be invented by Ibn Muqlah, Ibn Muqlah Shirazi(Persian: ابن المقله شیرازی) Iranien Origine (born 886 in Baghdad--died 20 July 940 there). The root of this Arabic term نسخ nasakha means "to abolish, abrogate" and "to copy". It either refers to the fact that it replaced its predecessor, Kufic script, or that this style allows faster copying of texts. With small modifications, it is the style most commonly used for printing Arabic, Persian, Pashto |
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martyr
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In arabic, martyr is termed "shahid". It is used as an honorific for Muslims who have laid down their life fulfilling a religious commandment, or have died fighting defending their country or protecting their family.
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tijaniya
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a sufi ṭarīqah (order, path) originating in North Africa but now more widespread in West Africa, particularly in Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, and Northern Nigeria and Sudan. Its adherents are called Tijānī (spelled Tijaan or Tiijaan in Wolof, Tidiane or Tidjane in French). Tijānī attach a large importance to culture and education, and emphasize the individual adhesion of the disciple (murīd).
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How does one become a member of the tijaniyah order?
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To become a member of the order, one must receive the Tijānī wird, or a sequence of holy phrases to be repeated twice daily, from a muqaddam, or representative of the order.
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qadiriyya
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members of the Qadiri Sufi order (tariqa). This derives its name from Abdul-Qadir Gilani (1077–1166 CE, also transliterated as "Jilani" etc.) who was a native of the Iranian province of Gilan. The order relies strongly upon adherence to the fundamentals of Islam.
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Naqshbandiyya
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one of the major tasawwuf spiritual orders (tariqa) of Sufi Islam. It is considered to be a "Potent" order (Naqsband ajab kafallah)
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what is unique about Naqshbandiyya?
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It is the only Sufi order that claims to trace its direct spiritual lineage (silsilah) to Muhammad through Abu Bakr, the First Caliph and Muhammad's companion
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awqaf
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serves all countries of Africa: South, North, West, East, and other territorial geography of the continent including its islands in the Indian and Atlantic oceans and Mediterranean Sea, as well as the West Indies. Awqaf Africa, from time to time, extends its works to all Muslims outside the continent - especially in the Muslim World. Awqaf Africa carries out its projects in all parts of the world - globalizing, as necessary, in the cause of One Human Race under the banner of Islam.
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jami'
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one of the greatest Persian poets in the 15th century and one of the last great Sufi poets.
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masjid
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in arabic, literally means a place of prostration.
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shaykh
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a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "elder". It is commonly used to designate an elder of a tribe, a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar. Although the title generally refers to a male, a very small number of female sheikhs have also existed in history
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barakah
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an Arabic term meaning blessing, particularly, spiritual gifts or protection transmitted from God. It is also described as "the greater good" derived from any act.
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husayn
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The central symbolic religious figure of Shi'i Islam; the third Imam; the second son of Ali.
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hasan
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Madina c.625-Madina 669) Second Imam of Shi'i Islam; eldest son of Ali.
Hassan is presented as the favourite of the prophet Muhammad, his grandfather, but he did not get along well with his father and brother, Husayn, after the death of his mother, Fatima, in 633. |
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Ali Zayn al-Abidin
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a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth Shī‘ah Imām (the third Imām according to the Ṭayyibī [Bohra] Ismā‘ilī).
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who was Ali Zayn al-Abidin's father and mother
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His mother was Shahrbānū and his father was Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī
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who is Muhammad al-Baqir and what is he respected for?
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the Fifth Imām to the Twelver Shī‘ah and Fourth Imām to the Ismā‘īlī Shī‘ah. He is highly respected by Shia Muslims for his religious knowledge and Islamic scholarship.
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Who was Muhammad al-Baqir's mother and father?
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His father was the previous Imām, ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn, and his mother was Fatimah bint al-Hasan.
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Zayd ibn Ali
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He was the grandson of Husayn ibn Alī, the grandson of Muhammad.
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Zayd
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Man who has ability to do amazing things. Same meaning as prodigy/paradigm
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Zayd ibn Harithah
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a prominent figure in the early Islamic community and the only one of sahaba whose name is spelled directly in the Qur'an. As he was the adopted son of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, before Islam abolished adoption in exchange of Kafala. he was an early convert to Islam and later, a military leader.
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Ja 'far al-sadiq
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believed by Shi'a Muslims to be the sixth infallible Imam. He is the last Imam recognized by both Ismaili and Twelver Shi'a schools.
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Imams under Ismaili view
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1. Ali ibn Abi Talib (632–661) - the Mustali sect of Ismailis consider Ali to be at a higher designation than Imam, known as the Asas (the 'Foundation').
2. Hasan ibn Ali (661–669) - the Nizari sect of Ismailis do not consider Hasan as an Imam, but a Pir (the 'enlightened'). 3. Husayn ibn Ali (669–680) (661 - 680 for Ismailis) 4. Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin) (680–713) 5. Muhammad al-Baqir (713–733) 6. Jafar al-Sadiq (733–765) 7. Ismail bin Jafar (765 - 775) 8. Muhammad ibn Ismail (775-813) |
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imams under zaydi view
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Muhammad Prophet of Islam
1. Ali ibn Abu Talib 2. Hasan ibn Ali 3. Husayn ibn Ali 4. Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al Abidin) 5. Zayd ibn Ali |
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imams under twelver view
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1 Ali ibn Abu Talib 600–661 Assassinated
2 Hasan ibn Ali 624–680 Poisoned 3 Husayn ibn Ali 626–680 Beheaded 4 Ali ibn Husayn 658(?)-712 Poisoned 5 Muhammad ibn Ali 677–732 Poisoned 6 Ja'far ibn Muhammad 702–765 Poisoned 7 Musa ibn Ja'far 744-799 Poisoned 8 Ali ibn Musa 765-817 Poisoned 9 Muhammad ibn Ali 810-835 Poisoned 10 Ali ibn Muhammad 827-868 Poisoned 11 Hasan ibn Ali 846-874 Poisoned 12 Muhammad ibn al-Hasan 868?-? Still living ”in occultation” |
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Musa al-Kazim
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the seventh of the Twelve Imams. He was the son of the sixth Imam, Ja‘far aṣ-Ṣādiq and his mother was Hamidah Khātūn, a student and former slave of African descent.
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Isma'il
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Muslims believe Ishmael is Abraham's eldest son and first born. Ishmael is born of Sarah's handmaiden Hagar. Ishmael, through his son Nebaioth (Nabit), is the ancestor of Adnani Arabs. His descendants include the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Ali al-Rida
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the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
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What is ali al-rida's connection to sufism?
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Maruf Karkhi who was converted to Islam through Ali ar-Ridha is one of the foremost figures in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He was a devoted student of Ali ar-Ridha and is an important figure for Sufism and Shi'ism.
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Muhammad al-Jawad
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the Ninth of the Twelve Imams. shortest lived, died at age 25
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Ali al-Hadi
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the tenth of the Twelve Imams. he was born between 827-830 C.E.and he died in 868 C.E.
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Hasan al-Askari
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the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. Hasan al-‘Askarī was 22, when his father was killed. The period of his Imāmate, following his father's death, was six years. Hasan Al-‘Askarī died at the age of 28 in the year, 260 Hijra and was buried in Samarra.
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Muhammad al-Muntazar
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the 12th and last Imam of the Twelver Shi'i.
believed by Twelver Shī‘a Muslims to be the Māhdī, an ultimate savior of humankind. Twelver Shī‘a believe that al-Māhdī was born in 869 and did not die but rather was hidden by God (this is referred to as the Occultation) and will later emerge with Isa in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world. |
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najaf
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An Islamic holy city, Najaf is home to the shrine of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the Prophet Mohammad's cousin and son-in-law and fourth caliph (656-661). Najaf also contains one of the largest cemeteries in the world. According to Imam Ali, any Muslim buried here will enter paradise; as a result, the tombs of several prophets are found in Najaf. Shia Muslims especially consider it a privilege to be buried here.
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Where is Kufa located?
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Kufa is located on the west bank of the Eurphrates near the Shi'a shrine city of Najaf, 160 kilometers (100 miles) south of Baghdad.
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Where was the Kufic calligraphy perfected?
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Kufa, Iraq
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Why is Kufa holy?
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Ali, Prophet Muhamad's brother-in-law, was the fourth caliph and first imam. In 645 Ali, the founder of Shiism, transferred the seat of government from Medina in Hijaz to to Kufa, and it became the capital of the Caliphate. The entire Muslim world with the exception of Damascus looked towards Kufa for guidance. The assassination of Ali in the Great Mosque of the city in 645 by Ibn Muljam brought an end to the city's role as capital. The mosque today is an open-air half-square-mile, with a beautiful golden dome. It contains the tombs of the two saints Muslim ibn Aqeel and Hani ibn Arwa.
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'ashura
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on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax of the Remembrance of Muharram
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why do shi'as commemorate day of ashura?
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It is commemorated by Shia Muslims as a day of mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram in the year 61 AH (October 2, 680 CE[1]). According to Sunni Muslim tradition, Muhammad fasted on this day and asked other people to fast.
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Why do sunnis commemorate day of ashura?
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Sunni Muslims also remember the day claiming that Moses fasted on that day to express gratitude to God for liberating the Israelites from Egypt.
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mufti
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a Sunni Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia)
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What is the word for Islamic Law?
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Sharia
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What are the four madhabs of fiqh in Sunni Islam?
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Hanafi, Maliki, Hanbali, Shafi'i
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What are the Sufi tariqas?
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Quadariyya - Africa, southern arabian peninsula, northern india, iran
Naqshbandiyya - turkey, middle east, north india, indonesia, afghanistan, west towards china Bektashiyya- classified under Twelver Shi'a Islam, balkan peninsula Chishtiyya - north india Suhrawardiyya- Iran Sanusiyya - Indonesia,N.Africa Tijaniyya - West africa mevleviyya - turkey Rifa'yya - Middle east Shadiliyya - Northwest africa |
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What are main schools of Shi'a Islam and where are they centered?
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Zaydi - west yemen
Twelver - Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain Ismaili - east africa, indonesia, most of yemen, united arab emirates, some of oman Alawi -Syria, turkey, lebanon Alevi - Turkey |
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what is Ibadi?
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is seperate from shia and sunni and is centered in Oman
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