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43 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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SMT - Resource Mobilization
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Some versions of this theory see movements operate similar to a capitalist enterprises that make efficient use of available resources. Scholars have suggested a typology of five types of resources:
Material (money and physical capital); Moral (solidarity, support for the movement's goals); Social-Organizational (organizational strategies, social networks, bloc recruitment); Human (volunteers, staff, leaders); Cultural (prior activist experience, understanding of the issues, collective action know-how) |
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SMT - Politlcal opportunity
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increased access to political decision making power
instability in the alignment of ruling elites (or conflict between elites) access to elite allies (who can then help a movement in its struggle) declining capacity and propensity of the state to repress dissent |
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Framing
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Certain claims activists make on behalf of their social movement "resonate" with audiences including media, elites, sympathetic allies, and potential recruits. Successful frames draw upon shared cultural understandings (e.g. rights, morality).
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Ibn Tamiyya
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Muslim theologian, preached during time of Mongol invasion. Believed Mongols weren't real Muslism, concern over who was and wasn't real muslim. Led to prominence in takfir
- declared shia rulers to be heretical - preached against "novelty" in interpreting the Qu'ran and believed he didn't need to follow consensus of Muslim scholars over true interpretation of Qu'ran |
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Hasan al-Banna
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Egyptian, Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, Political Activist, Social Organizer, Father of modern Islamic socio-political mobilization. Inspired by deteriorating influence of Muslim teachings in the Egyptian society at large, and motivated to counterbalance the work of Christian-missionary in the late 1800s – early 1900s in Egypt, disdained by western influence on the Egyptian society, which was accentuated in Al-Ismailia with the presence of many foreign nationals working in the Suez Canal operations. relocated to Cairo. Founded Muslim Brotherhood. Starting initially to speak in mosques and small venues in various towns, Al-Banna was successful in mobilizing a strong grassroots movement, that within a decade of its inception, the MB established branches in every Egyptian province and maintained more than 500,000 active members.Al-Banna also called for the ban of all political parties and the replacement of the monarchy and democratic elections with an Islamic-council (Shurah). Additionally, he regarded jihad as a defensive obligation entrusted to every Muslim, which requires aggressive action against non-believers to sustain the Ummah (Grander Muslim Nation). Popularity led to a threat against crown, and was assassinated in 1949.
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Sayyid Qutb
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. An Egyptian author, educator, Islamist, poet, and the leading intellectual of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950’s and '60s. Regarded as the father of Modern Salafi (a Jihadi ideology and one of the main sources of influence on Al-Qaeda leadership.) He was executed by Nasser’s regime on August 29 1966. Known for his book "Signpost." Developed resentment against West for its socio-political freedoms, deeming the American society at large, deviant, sexually charged, chaotic, materialistic, violent, infested with "animalistic desires," and "awful sins." Returned, joined the MB. Regarded West as embracers of jahiliyyah. Qutb called for the return to the way of life during the Prophet’s era, a strict following of the Sharia law, shunning all western influence, and most importantly denouncing secularism and the rule of man as he found legitimacy only in God sovereignty (Hakamiyya), not of the rule over man, He regarded jihad as the tool that would liberate the people of the world from the jahiliyyah or ignorant status to a life of enlightenment. Jihad, in Qutb’s opinion, is composed of two parts: preaching and physical force. He did not view Jihad as only defensive but also offensive.
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Shukri Mustafa
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Joined MB in '65. Arrested for distributing leaflets, in prison read Qutb. Learned of 2 different interpretations of "Signposts."
1. Withdrawal from society meant only spiritual detachment 2. Withdrawal meant total separation (Mustafa believed this) excommunicate jahiliyya society (takfir) without concealment later on his followers would do this and flee to caves or communal apartments '77 took leadership of Society of Muslims (Takfir wa'l Hijra), which demonstrated that Islamists were not confined to moderates, also included a growing radical fringe, which turned to terrorism later on. • According to him, the world was jihiliyya because no one was a true Muslim except his own disciples • He pronounced takfir on whole Muslim world, with the exception of his own followers, for being kafir - He wanted to build his group to conquer Egypt, cast down jahiliyya and establish true Islam • SIGNIFICANT: challenged social conventions of daily life, revealing them as political - Pointed out crucial problems of contemporary Egyptian society - Rejected any collaboration with institutions of the state, including public employment and the educational system - Mustafa’s language expressed demands that aroused deep feelings among Muslims who were struggling in a society that was already sinking deeper into the abyss of underdevelopment - Although his movement did not last, his ideas gave food for thought for future movements |
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Abdel Salam Faraj
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Egyptian Salafist radical, known for book "Neglected Duty." jihad had become a "neglected duty" among contemporary Muslims. This book was first published and distributed to students in Cairo in the early 1980s where it influenced an entire generation of youth. argued that both the Quran and the Hadith were fundamentally about warfare - war in the service of God and in opposition to evil.after forming his own radical organization, Tanzim al-Jihad (Later known under reconstruction and new management as Egyptian Islamic Jihad). The organization was aimed at overthrowing the Egyptian regime. It was also responsible for the assassination of the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. Was implicated in the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and executed in 1982.
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Ayman al-Zawahiri
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Radical Egyptian Islamist. Qutb's student who became leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad. After his release from prison after his implication in the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Al Sadat, like many other radicals he fled to Afghanistan. Later, in 1998 al-Zawahiri formally merged Egyptian Islamic Jihad into al-Qaeda. He has been associated with al-Qaeda since its inception and was a senior member of the group's shura council. He is often described as a "lieutenant" to Osama bin Laden, though bin Laden's chosen biographer has referred to him as the "real brains" of al-Qaeda.
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Osama bin Laden
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Salafi-Wahhabi, became a student of Abdullah Azzam and was greatly influenced by his teachings of jihad. In addition to Azzam, Was influenced by Zawahiri. Azzam focused on defensive jihad—to defend Islamic countries from non-Islamic invaders. Zawahiri advocated for Jihad against Muslim leaders like Mubark in Egypt. in the late 1990’s forged a partnership with Zawahiri’s Egyptian Islamic Jihad to for Al-Qaeda. advocated for Jihad against the far enemy in 1996 with the fatwa “Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places”.
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Abdullah Azzam
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Palestinian born, followed exodus to Jordan, participated in guerrilla operations against Israel, helped founded HAMAS. • Played a leading role in promoting and developing the modern Islamic concept of jihad
• Responsible for internationalizing the Islamist struggle took his campaign to front lines during Afghan-Soviet war and was instrumental in organizing the agency that would evolve into al-Qaeda • Popularized the idea of a universal and international Islamic jihad, rather than the existing condition of each national Muslim group concentrating on a narrow area of concern relating to their own circumstances • Long term goal: re-establishment of the Islamic Caliphate Muslims must not wait for the re-establishment of the Caliphate to pursue jihad; on the contrary, jihad is the safest path for the establishment of the universal leadership of the Caliphate |
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Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
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Leader and founder of HAMAS. Recognized as pre-eminent MB figure in Gaza Strip. Practiced da'wa - organized, and created Islamic Center, seeking provide social service. Pushed for da'wa instead of confrontation. Nearing PLO collapse after expulsion from Lebanon, switched to jihad and ordered MB member to arm themselves.
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Khomeini
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Leader of 1979 revolution. became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation. . In his writings and preachings he expanded the Shi'a Usuli theory of velayat-e faqih, the "guardianship of the jurisconsult (clerical authority)" to include theocratic political rule by Islamic jurists
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Ali Sistani
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Current highest ranking Twelver Shia marja
oversees sums amounting to millions of dollars. his followers offer him a fixed part of their earnings, which he spends for educational and charitable purposes.Shortly after the U.S. invasion began, issued a fatwā calling on Shia clergy to get involved in politics to guide masses towards what he sees as "the clearer decisions", and to fight what he sees as "media propaganda". However, as the summer of 2003 approached, became more involved, though always through representatives, never directly. He began to call for the formation of a constitutional convention, and later demanded a direct vote for the purpose of forming a transitional government. This can be seen as a sure path to Shia dominance over Iraq's government, since most observers say that Shia make up about 60% of Iraq's population. Subsequently, has criticized American plans for an Iraqi government as not being democratic enough. issued a fatwā telling women they were religiously obligated to vote, even if their husbands had forbidden them to do so |
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Mohammed Baqir al-Sadr
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ideological founder of Islamic Dawa Party
lineage goes back to Muhammad commissioned by the government of Kuwait to assess how that country's oil wealth could be managed in keeping with Islamic principles. This led to a major work on Islamic banking that still forms the basis for modern Islamic banks. of the founders of modern Islamist thought he is credited with first developing the notion, later put in operation in Iran, of having western style democratic elections, but with a body of Muslim scholars to ensure all laws corresponded with Islamic teachings. After writing in defense of Islamic Revolution, he was executed by Saddam Hussein |
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Tayyip Erdogan
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Current PM of Turkey (since 2003), also acts as head of Justice and Development Party.
Significantly pro-EU; faces continued controversy over acts interpreted as against secularism. seen as a confounding mix, from a background of political Islam, but with an agenda of bringing Turkey into the European Union, where his supporters do most of their business. the detention of the military officers in early 2010 looked suspiciously like raw efforts to silence the opposition. And now that he has control over most of the levers of powers—the presidency, the government bureaucracy and Parliament—they worry that his impulses will be unchecked. |
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Mohammad ibn Abdel Wahhab
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18th-century cleric, developed eponymous Wahhabi interpretation of Islam which became attached to the al-Saud family’s territory through an agreement made between him and Muhammad ibn Saud.
Revived interest in the writings of Ibn Tamiyya; of course engendered strong opposition to acts of bida and shirk. |
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Tawhid
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doctrine of the Oneness of God, essential, it is the concept of monotheism in Islam. . It holds God (Arabic: Allah) is one (wāḥid) and unique (ahad). Constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim faith.
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Da'wa
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act of preaching and calling on one to be converted to Islam. In Islamist activism, some groups focus on missionary activism, which is both revivalist and fundamentalist. Movements in this category typically eschew explicit political activism, neither seek political power nor describe themselves as parties, but concentrate on the missionary activity of preaching
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"Fard ayn" jihad
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holds that all Muslims must participate in jihad—it is an obligatory duty similar to the daily prayer rituals. the basic duties of a Muslim
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"Al Farida al Ghaiba" Jihad
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Jihad influenced by Faraj holds that jihad is a constant offensive duty - directed outwards constantly. Jihad against the "near enemy"
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"Takfiri" Jihad
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practiced by takfiris (evidently enough), who believe in their ability to label other Muslims as kafir (unbelievers/apostates) and thus legitimate killing them. Takfiri groups can be seen as violent offshoots of Salafi Islam, in that they strive to restore Islam as it used to be and have absolutely no qualms on using violence to do so
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Velayat-e faqih
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doctrine of “guardianship of the (Islamic) jurists” advanced by Ayatollah Khomeini in his 1970 book of the same name. It represents a departure from previous Shi’a thought, in that it advocates a state run by clerics.
Criticisms include the idea that supreme authority could be vested in a few Islamic jurists in an attempt to create a proper Islamic state runs counter to the idea that such a state could only be achieved on the return of the hidden Imam. |
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Jahiliyya
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period before Mohammed
Used in Signposts Non-muslims live in jahiliyaa because Allah is not sovereign and men and their laws are sovereign, thus replacing Allah. - thus legitimizing Muslim violence, and justifyingi revolution and sedition |
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takfir
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involves excommunication individual or a group
• Jihadis have taken takfir to the point of declaring that all the governments in the Muslim world are kuffar (non-believers) this enables them to ignore traditional Islamic injunctions to not kill fellow Muslims and to obey authority - Justifies jihadis to take revolutionary action against governments and rulers and perpetrate violence against individuals they have declared to be heretics |
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Muslim Brotherhood
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created by al-Banna in 1928, was intended to be a Muslim sociopolitical networking organization in a broader sunni transnational movement and the largest political opposition organization in Egypt and many other Arab states (namely, Jordan and Kuwait).
stated goal is to instill the Quran, sunnah and Sharia law as the sole reference point for ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community and state |
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Mohammed Morsi
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e is a life long member of the brotherhood. He is a member of the highest council of the institution, he was in jail before the revolution started, he was the back up candidate for the presidential election for the brotherhood after khayrat Al shater, educated partially in America (california), during his time in cali, he maintained relationships only with conservative Muslims, engineer, escaped from jail during the January 25 revolution, was a member of the 2005 Egyptian parliament. Many of his political positions as a member of Parliament are contradictory to his actions as president
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Freedom and Justice Party
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Freedom and justice party is the muslim brotherhood party, described by the brotherhood as its political arm, created in 2011 post revolution, won over 40% of Parliament in the first elections post revolution, made an alliance with the salafi Noor party to form majority. Morsi was the president of the party prior to resigning to run for president
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Nasir al-Din al-Albani
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albanian islamic scholar in field of fiqh and hadith. Rejected four legal schools of thoughts and believed that hadith are at the heart of understanding the process of human reason.
Disciples took name of ahl al-hadith |
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Salman al-Awda
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Saudi cleric who spearheaded the Sahwa movement in the early 1990s. Since his release from prison, he has taken a less confrontational stance against the government, promoted dialogue with the West, and recognized non-Wahhabi Islamic traditions in the Kingdom. Has become more politically aggressive, praising exits of Mubarak and Ben Ali --> which cost him his TV show.
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Sawha movement
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Saudi Arabia's largest Islamist movement, which blends political ideology of the MB, with local Wahhabi religious ideas. Largest organized nonstate group in Saudi. Huge following, hundreds of thousands
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Al Gama'a al-Islamiyya
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means "The Islamic Group", broke off sometime after the Brotherhood was founded particularly because they believed that if they were to bring political change of any kind, one needed to use violence. Some leaders disagreed thinking it was impractical and stuck with non-violent tactics ... The group got into a skirmish in the early 90s with Egyptian forces and didn't actually show up again until recently when they found a political group called al banaa wo al tenmeeya, (building and development) which doesn't have very much support in Egypt but is a registered party.
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Hezbollah
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Shi'a Islamic militant group and political party based in Lebanon. It receives financial and political support from Iran and Syria, and its paramilitary wing is regarded as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim worlds. conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and was primarily formed to offer resistance to the Israeli occupation
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Hamas
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Palestinian MB, that separated into own wing following the 1987 Intifida
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AKP (Justice and Development Party)
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emerged from staunch Islamic Welfare party, broken up by military for threatening secular nature of Turkish Republic. Conservative but support EU ascension
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Islamic Action Organization (Shiraziyyin)
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Closely aligned with Islamic Da'wa party.
secret revolutionary guard that engaged in violent action against Iraqi regime during Iran-Iraq war aligned with United Iraqi Allliance in 2005 and won majority of seats |
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Da'wa Party
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formed in Iraq by group of Shi'ite leaders worried that clerical class was threatened by secular ideologies. Founded by Baqer al-Sadr.
Part of the United Iraqi Alliance. Still receives funding from Tehran. Under commnad of Nouri al-Maliki |
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Takfir wa-l Hijra
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created by Shukri Mustafa, targeted cafes, created desert commune, had followers cut of communication with family.
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Islamic Jihad
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radicalized by russian invasion of Afghanistan, and 1979 revolution in Iran
collective duty to fight against invaders |
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welfare party
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political turkish party. destroyed in 1998 for being too religious
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SCIRI/ISCI (Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq)
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founded in Iran in 1982.
after invasion of Iraq, attempted to mobilize support in southern Iraq abandoned commitment to central goverment and now want own state in southern iraq |
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al wefaq
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communal movement emerged in the wake of the violent suppression of shia uprising in 1990s
largest political party in bahrain |
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ahl al hadith
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formed in indian subcontinent in 1860
similar to wahhabis primary concern is law, not creed all religious ruling based on Qu'ran and Sunna with no intermediary involved |
