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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prior to the rise of Islam, what two empires were at constant war with each other? |
Byzantine (Roman) and the Sassanian (Persian) Empires. The conflicts larer evolved into a religious conflict -- Christianity vs Zoroastrianism |
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Define Tribes |
A small community organized along the lines of kinship. Could be called an extended family, or clan. |
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Pre-Islamic Arabic tribes mostly identified with what religion? |
Paganism although Christianity (in the North) and Judaism(in the South) were also present |
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Define Kaba |
Place of worship that the hanifs belived to be of Abrahamic origin (originally monotheistic). It is a cubical structure that is today draped in black cloth. |
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Summarize Muhammeds early life |
- born and raised in Mecca - both parents passed, raised by grandfather and then uncle belonged to influential tribe Quraysh - was a well respected merchant - rejected Arab polytheism but did not accept Christianity or Judaism - adopted ways of hanif |
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Describe the hanifs |
Informal group or Abrahamic monotheists that belived that the main message of a great patriarch had been lost over the years and it had been too closely identified to Judaism , and corrupted through Christianity |
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Describe Muhammeds first religious revelation |
Muhammed would retreat to a cave near Mecca to meditate. At age 40, there he was visited by Gabriel and was given a messages that he belived were from God and would later form the Quran. |
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What is the Quran (Koran)? |
The primary scripture of Muslims. Considered Word of God |
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What was the Meccan reaction to Muhammeds experience? |
They were resistant: the teachings went against religion of Arab ancestors, loss of revenue from polytheistic pilgrims, message would subvert existing social order, Muammed was below their (leader and tribal chiefs) ranks |
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What were the four reasons that Muhammeds meassage was accepted among some? |
1. Message of divine unity 2. Message of alleged continuation of Abrahams teachings (correction/completion of Jud. and Christ.) 3. Message of social equality 4. Poetic power of Quran
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After the death of his uncle, Muhammed and his followers were forced to flea to ___________. |
Medina (then known as Yathrib) |
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What is "Hegria"? |
Flighr from Mecca to Medina in 622. |
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What is the Mosque of the Prophet? |
The green-domed mosque that Muhammed established in Medina. |
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Why was there a conflict between Mecca and Medina |
Medina was seen as the new and threatening religion, whilst Mecca was older, pagan order |
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What three battles were fought between the two powerful cities> |
I) Battle of Badr - Medina victorious II) Battle of Uhud - Mecca victorious III) Battle of the Trench - stalemate but moral victory for Medina |
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What part did Muhammed play in these battles? |
He introduced strict guidelines of war (among which one must not stoop to his enemies level, but may kill if necessary). |
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What is the Treaty of Hudaybiyya |
A 10 year truce between Mecca and Medina during which Islam spread more in two years than in Muhammeds 18 |
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What is the Conquest of Mecca? |
After Mecca breached the treaty , they were forgiven, but Muhammed destroyed all 360 stone idols, the Kaba was cleansed and restored as a monotheistic shrine |
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Muhammeds death |
Passed in 632 after receiving revelation of his death by Gabriel. Buried in the Mosque of the Prophet |
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Who were Muhammeds for caliphs? |
1. Abu Bakr - father in law 2. Umar - father in law 3. Uthman - son in law 4. Ali - son in law and cousin |
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Abu Bakr |
Muhammeds father in law, Abu Bakr was supported by Quraysh tribe. Ruled for two years, during which he organized an army attack of Syria but passed before it was carried out. |
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Umar |
Muhammeds father in law. He conquered East Mediterranean and Sasanid Empire in a decade. Murdered by a servant |
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Uthman |
Son in law, member of Umayyads (dominant clan in Qurash). Criticised for choosing relatives for key posts. Assasinated. |
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Ali |
son in law and cousin, accused of having some role in Uthmans assassination. agreed to 'submot the matter of leadership to atribution' and was assassinated by a fellow supporter. |
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Describe the Islamic Golden Age that followed the four caliphs |
Age of interllectual, artistic, cultural and artistic advancement. Lasted until 16th century |
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The caliphs were succeeded by what? |
The Umayyed Empire (661-750) and Abbasid Empire (750 - 1250) |
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What are the two main divisions in Islam? |
The Sunnis and the Shunnis |
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Sunnis |
~ 85% of Muslim people. Accepted legitimacy of four caliphs. They belived true, pious followers could lead the group
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Shiahs |
~15% of Muslim people. Only Ali was legitimate leader (Shiah = party of Ali). Believed that leadership should run through Muhammeds blood line. Mostly concentrated in Iran today. |
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Who was Khadija? |
Muhammeds first wife. Wealthy merchant, older. Died before the hegira |
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Who was Fatima? |
Muhammeds daughter. Wife of Ali. Role comparable to that of the Virgin Mary; female figure revered by pious believers. Greatly loved by her father. Died shortly after Muhammed |
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Islamic belief and practices are drawn from two main sources..... |
the Quran ahd the hadiths (sayings of Muhammed) |
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What three concepts make up Islamic belief? |
1. Divine Unity 2. Prophecy 3. "Return"
All derived from shahada (Muslim testimony of faith) |
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What is the Arabic word for "God" |
Allah |
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As in Christianity, Muslims believe God to be...... |
both transcendent and immanent |
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How many names does God have? |
99 |
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What is the Muslim concept of Evil? |
Evil is not a manifestation of divine quality, it is its opposite or absence. The world is an interplay between light and darkenss. |
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What is the Muslim concept of God's gender? |
Most believe that God is both male and female; gender is transcended. Half of the Mothernames are male and the other half female (in relation to immanence)
Some believe God to be male OR female. ex. God is a distant father, God gave birth to the world (in relation to transcendence)
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What is the purpose of a Prophet? |
A prophet is simply one who receives Gods messages in order to lead the people towards salvation. Muslims believe that prophecy is not restricted to genealogical line, and that there have been as many as 124,000 prophets (25 mentioned in Quran). |
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Islam and the Bible |
Islam accepts the major biblical figures, but does not believe in their divinity; they believe that Jesus was a prophet, but he was not the son of God in the literal sense. |
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Define shariah |
law (of any prophet) |
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Describe the "Return" |
Death is considered a separation of the body form the soul. Body returns to earth, and soul to God where it is subjected to its actions on Earth, although divine mercy and forgiveness will overshadow divine punishment. |
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What are the five pillars of faith? |
1. The Testimony of Faith 2. Prayer 3. Fasting 4. Charity 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca |
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What is Mecca? |
The pre-Islamic center of trade and religion. Prior to Muhammed, the polytheistic center contained 360 stone gods. Muhammed reverted it back to a monotheistic city, and it is now the center of the hijra. |
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What is Medina? |
Originally called Yathrib. Muhammed and his followers fled to Medina after they were run out of Mecca. The first Islamic government was established here. |
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What is Jerusalem in the Islamic context? |
The Dome of the Rock shrine, built in the late 600s, is important to Muslims as it is believed that it was here that Abraham offered Ishmael as a sacrifice and that Muhammad ascended into heaven. |
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What is the Blue Mosque? |
Built in 1600s in Istanbul, representing the high point of Ottoman acheivement |
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What is a hijab? |
A traditional head covering worn my many Muslin woman. |
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What are the five pillars of Islamic faith? |
1. Creed/profession of faith (shahada) 2. prayer (salat) 3. alms (zakat) 4. Fasting (sawm) 5. Pilgrimage (Haji) |
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What is the Shahada? |
The Muslim profession of faith. I. there is no God other than God II. Muhammad is the prophet of God |
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What is Salat? |
A ritual prayer that is preformed 5 times a day. Muslims pray wherever the are, facing Mecca. It is proceded by ritual washing and a call to prayer. |
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What is Zakat? |
A tax of possessions that is used to relieve the poor and for religious purposes. |
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What is Sawm? |
A fast (food, drink, sexual relations) lasting the entire month of Ramadan, from dawn until dusk. |
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What is Haji? |
Once in a lifetime, Muslims are expected to journey to Mecca to participate in a six day pilgrimage to Mecca. |
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What are the main concepts of Islam? |
- God has revealed himself in the past, but his messages have become corrupt - God gave last and final message to Muhammad - Salvation is achieved by submitting to God's will as revealed |
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What is Quraysh? |
A powerful tribe that wanted to control pre-islam Mecca and commerce. The tribe that Muhammad was born into |
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What are the Holy Cities? |
Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem |
