Islam

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Amalgamation of the Sunnis:

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A reform movement in middle of 18th century of a reinterpreted Islam that wanted an Islam minus Sufism.

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Islamic reform:

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Began as an anti-Sufi movement, today it is an anti-western movement. In the 1700’s the Ottoman Empire underwent a gradual process of enumeration. This centralization process was exciting for political leaders but dis-concerning for religious figures that stood for unity of Islam and were involved with theology, law, and Sufism.

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Program of Islamic Reform in 1744:

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“either you submit to political programming or you will be eliminated.” Enforcement included the destruction of saintly tombs and direct military confrontation. By 1788 the center of Arabia and East coast had been conquered

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Industrial Revolution in Britain:

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Britain became so powerful. Introduction of math into physics. Invention of Steam engine. Muslims at this time had not yet become modern.

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Napoleon:

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Napoleon wanted to rule. British won and French lost the empire. Napoleon entered Egypt Invaded and brought scientist for agriculture, architecture, etc. to spread out among Egypt. Napoleon pursued British and caught in E. Mediterranean. British destroyed his fleet. Egypt left to self.

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Muhammad Ali:

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Egyptian officer to general. Immediately realized Egypt was invaded so immediately they had become the equals of the Ottomans. He decided to plant cotton and build textile industries. Egyptian cotton is the most dense and highest quality. Agriculture was most important reform problem. His advisers would become administrators. Machinery and coal were necessary.

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Ashrafs:

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prominent families who claim descent from Ali or other early well-known figures

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Azhar:

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Mosque separated under its own institution in 1847 to expropriate religiously

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Mawlid:

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Birthdays; specifically the celebration of the birthday of Muhammad. Celebrated through mystical devotion however many Muslims who want to purify Islam of all elements that could not be specifically supported by the Koran or practice of Muhammad.

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Bakri 1881 decree:

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The third Bakri generation issued an official prohibition of serpents, glass, self fladulation, singing, dhikr, “breathing”=Popular Islam. Outlawed by Egyptians themselves, some officials thought it made Egyptians look primitive, embarrassing, or tolerant. The enlightenment had an effect on Egyptians. Ironically, it was these practices that Egyptians used to later criticize the West.

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Suez Canal:

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Vice Regent of the Ottoman Empire decided to build the canal financed by French engineering. The vice regent pursued other modernization programs ran out of money and had to sell a share of the Suez Canal to British. They had to declare bankruptcy and Egypt lost its autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. Britain colonially imposed themselves on Egypt and reorganized financial structures, new tax codes, and improved agriculture. From the 1880’s on the continuation of Islamic reform was supervised by the British. Popular brotherhoods were outlawed and British were to push Egypt into next century western and rational.

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Reform decrees reissued in 1885:

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British stripped Sufism and no longer recognized it as Islam unless it conformed to rationalism. Reform decrees were reissued but impossible to enforce. The British issued decree after decree from 1885-1903 to constantly outlaw Sufism. The entire process in Egypt of reforms against Sufis gradually rose.

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Zar:

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Muslim practice by older women. Exorcism connected to mystical practices. Form of organizing life in the light. Voices grow louder and louder.

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Jamal al-din Afghani:

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Great figure of Islamic reform. He claimed to be one of the descendants of Ali (Ashraf).He pretended to be from Afghanistan-city with his same name. Most famous for his idea of Pan-Islamism, which he saw as a way of reviving and uniting Islam against Europe. Egyptian government paid him to do private lessons. He asked his students to challenge the west due to the decline of Islamic Civilization and the new to renew cultural superiority. The government expelled Afghani is 1879 and he renewed his wanderings. He composed a book-length manuscript attacking west for materialism.

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Renan-Afghani debate:

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Renan was a French scholar of Middle Eastern studies who argued Afghani’s religion will not be able to modernize. Afghani responded saying materialism will cause Renan to fall. Afghani set up an office in Europe and wrote a weekly column deepening his theme of opposing western materialism and renewing Islamic superiority over the west.

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Muhammad Abduh:

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worked with Afghani, as one of his students, writing columns.. He functioned as the father of Ilsamic under the Birtish, Abduh concentrated on return to Sharia and morality. Argued we must go back to the roots/ancestors who created Hadiths and go back to 6 pronouncements. Bypass entire classical literature.

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Salaf:

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return to ancestors

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1908 Turk Rebellion:

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deposed Abduh. This was a main thrust against the Sultan who was authoritarian and did not have a constitution. Pan-Islamic officer re-imposed elections and Arabs were placed in parliament in Istanbul. Muslims of various backgrounds sat in Istanbul and realized they were a minority.

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Middle East after WWI:

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Turkish government decided to abolish the Sultan which got rid of the symbol of Pan-Islam. This was a major blow to the Arabs because this eliminated the symbol of religious unity. Caliphate was real political power that governed all Muslims after year 642; the four caliphs initiated the early conquest in the minds of the faithful Muslims. By abolishing the caliphate- this crushed the whole idea that had existed since the 600’s.

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Caliphate as traditional story:

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The caliphate is not a historical reality but a theological symbol. Something does not need to rely on historical fact in order to be true.

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Hasan Al-Banna:

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He was the son of a watchmaker who grew up studying religion. He was very interested in the Han Balli religion. He became a member of the Sufi brotherhood at age 14. He wanted to become a school teacher so enrolled in a modern school with modern curriculum in Cairo. Ulum: House of science- he received both a modern education and came under Islamic reform such as the salaf: return to the ancestors. He began his own brotherhood devoted to teaching, prayer meeting, and communal study of hadith. He wanted to re-establish the caliphate.

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Rural urban migration and brotherhoods:

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With the wave of rural urban migration poor villagers were packing up and moving to cities. Hasal Bana offered these emigrants community, education and social welfare.

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Military Branch of Muslim Brotherhood:

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A military wing that operated underground. The Egyptian government was made up of mostly lawyers and landowners who were increasingly concerned about Islam because it had become very prominent.

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Nasa:

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reacted violently with mass arrests and trials to an attempt to put Muslim brotherhood into free officer group and take over. Created prohibition against politically active Muslim brotherhoods. Nasa was not an outward Muslim, said he was Arabism. In 1954, Nasa dissolved brotherhood altogether. This was followed by life sentences and executions

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Sayid Qutb:

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Came from Upper Egypt moved from native village to pursue teacher’s education. He taught for 6 years in Egyptian. Sent to U.S. by the government. He settled and established a Utopian community in Colorado. It was agrarian based and similar to Amish. He opposed to colorful clothes, Jazz music, dancing, sports, etc. He felt outraged when he returned to Egypt because of immorality. Two years in the U.S. had impact of Qutb, he came back to Middle East and developed writing that we discussed. Prior to him we have been dealing with Sunni Islam with solid education. He began a community that existed in the early 600’s that began through avid reading of the Koran, extensive study of hadith, (bypassing religious scholars) realizing program in actuality. He made religion a political ideology. Translated into political program.

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Sadat:

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took over after Nasa. Outlawed and persecuted Muslim brotherhoods and in 1971/1972 Arab nationalism essentially died and chose to tolerate the Muslim brotherhood.

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October War:

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one of holiest days in Israel. The Egyptians crossed the Suez Canal to engage in military action. The Egyptians made it to the other side. Israel recovered quickly and encircled Egyptians and crossed canal and marched toward Cairo. Israel had to stop and withdraw again and the Egyptians were again defeated. They saw it as a huge victory even though they had to push back again.

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Camp David Accords:

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peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. Signed at the white house. Sadat (Egyptian president) wanted peace because he realized it would not have sufficient funds for development during the second large wave of rural migration. From 1978 Small circles in Egypt wanted to get rid of Sadat.

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Quietism:

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remove self from horrible paganism. Quit job, leave family.

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Egyptian Islamic Jihad:

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small group engaged in jihad against Egypt. They assassinated as many people in Egypt leadership to provoke Egyptian uprising. This ushered the Islamic revolution. It led to an uproar in Egyptian society, people would claim for establishment of the Islamic State. In 1981 Sadat was assassinated.

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Coup de tat:

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planned in order to get rid of the prime minister who nationalized the oil company. At the height of preparation, Bavlavi got so nervous and fled the country. He symbolized the 1906 Constitutional abolishment.

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White Revolution:

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implement an industrial revolution. This made Iran more urbanized/modern.

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Egrarian Revolution:

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land reform. Over half of the land owned by landlords received rent from tenant farmers, but also sharecropper types. Before being permitted to be sharecroppers, must give landlord money. The landlord’s only interest is to receive rent. No interest in developing the farm without railroad or road connections. Think about land from far away. Hard without railroad. The landlords were the clergy and seminaries; they collected money for upkeep and religion. This led to a theocracy.

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Ruhollah Kohomeini-

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Ayatollah, a leading intellectual cleric who had a revolutionary interpretation of shiism. He wrote book on suffism. He had lots of scholarship, intellectual upbringing. He was a well-rounded figure who knew Ilsam tradition inside and out. He made a contribution on which entire theocracy of Iran rests. With the growing corruption of the Shah and the implementation of reforms through the White Revolution, Khomeini grew to be an outspoken political enemy of the Shah. The White Revolution was the catalyst for Khomeini’s change in thought. Khomeini, as a respected member of the clergy, started to openly

Front 35

Velayet-e-faqih:

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political leadership encouraged by Kohmeini. Not just any religious scholar can exercise rule. One must be an expert in Islamic law- interpreted and administered. Rule of jurist consul, only ayatollah. You have to have seyyed status: of Imami descent, but not necessarily an imam. This was not a shared belief of Sunnis who believed anyone can. Cause Kohomeini to be exiled to Paris

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Mustadafin:

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literally meaning the down trodden. Shariati’s Islamism is revolutionary. Marxist Muslims would lead downtrodden, which was now being uprooted from traditional farming. Students became began marches and demonstrations. Transition between those who emphasized Marxist downtrodden (a little more secular), others decides to overthrow the Shah. Eventualy Khomeini took over in the name of the clergy and booted out Marxist, seculars.

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Islamism:

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political ideology made out of religion, grew from dissatisfaction with reform Islam. They use the sharia as a moral guide to defend reform.

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Ijtihad:

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Emphasized by Shiites Independent judgment is important cause imam had complete freedom to interpret because their interpretations were infallible.

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Wahy:

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personal interpretation requiring reason and judgment

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Hojjat:

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When one graduates as a hojjat, the grade entitled the clergy to the point of first reference in neighborhoods, villages, to answer moral/legal questions.

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Coup de tat:

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planned in order to get rid of the prime minister who nationalized the oil company. At the height of preparation, Bavlavi got so nervous and fled the country. He symbolized the 1906 Constitutional abolishment.

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Hormeine:

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described as 12th imam, but he refused the title. He declared that all power is exercised on basis of Koran and Sunna.

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1989 Constitutional amendment:

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no longer ambiguity about Ayatollah being 12th imam.

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Al-haram of Mecca:

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mosque in Mecca, holiest center in Islam- occupied by few hundred Wahhabi terrorists. Reduced western tourism, pilgrimages to Mecca. Terrorists used Islamism as justification.

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Zawahiri:

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Head of Al-Qaeda-literally meaning the base.

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Reform Islam:

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not politically connected

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Islamism:

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political reform. Small percent use it for violence.

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Mujahedeen:

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is a Marxist Iranian leftist revolutionary organization that participated in the 1979 Revolution that overthrew the Shah. Conflict with Ayatollah Khomeini. Wanted a separation of church and state.

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Taliban:

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literally means Islamic student- produced students that did not include western sciences/humanities when graduating from Madras. Entirely anti-western. Ignorant of west- taught to hate Marxism. Made it their goal to take over and find Mujahedeen who would not join them. After 9/11 the Taliban regime eventually became Islamic regime of most brutal definition possible.

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Osama Bin Laden:

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founder of Al-Qaeda. Closely associated with Taliban. Grew up very privileged and spoiled. Participated in Taliban training for takeover of Afghanistan from the Soviets. Became a hero win Saudi Arabia when the soviets withdrew from Afghanistan.

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The father enemy:

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based on the Islamic cohabitation of foreigners in Islamic soil. Belief that the father enemy takes out rulers at tourists spots. It should be directed to take money away and Bin Laden argued the U.S. is the enemy and this war would not take place on Saudi soil. To declare war in the furthest place resulted in major terrorist attack on U.S. on 9/11.

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Asma Barlas:

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argued Koran is gender neutral and we must establish equality.

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Patriarchal Islam:

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There is inequality in gender because industry and science were the way of life and physical strength was necessary for agriculture. Patriarchy imposed itself on the gender neutral Koran

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Gender equal Koran:

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Tawhid means oneness of God, which does not tolerate inequality. Gender is perceived through senses, when you reach the limit your senses are dissolved and distinctions of gender disappear.

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Timothy Drew:

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from N. Carolina, son on ex-slaves established a temple for nation of American blacks.

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Moorish Zions Temple of America:

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emphasized that black are asiatics and moors, meaning someone from N. Africa who looked mediteranean. Humanity came from Africa, thus giving a lot of confidence to black identity.