Islam

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Islam

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Peace / Surrender; the peace that comes with surrendering self to Allah

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Allah

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The God

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Qur'an

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“recitation / to recite”; as received/recited by the Prophet (saw); 23 yrs to collect revelations

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Abraham/Ibrahim

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first Muslim that truly submits to God, married Sara (pbuh; later has son Isaac-pbuh); had son with maid Hagar (pbuh -> Ishmael (pbuh)

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Ishmael/Ismail

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son sent into desert because feared that if around when Isaac (pbuh) comes of age, Ismail (pbuh) would take what is not rightfully of his

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Surah

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“Chapter” of which there are 114

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Aya

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"verse"

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Al-Fatiha

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first Surah – “beginning / opening”; recited in each of the daily prayers

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Nabi

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“Prophet”; “one who speaks for God”

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Rasul

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a Messenger Prophet that brings God’s word

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Moses

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1st Rasul, brought Torah

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Jesus

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2nd Rasul; teachings recorded in Gospels

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Muhammed

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“Seal of the Prophets”; Born ~ 570 AD, father dies shortly before birth and mom dies ~ 6yo; is human, suffers like us; God’s revelation was completed with the Prophet (saw) and he’s only unique because he is the instrument thru which God speaks

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People of the Book

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people of earlier revelations (Jews & Christians)

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Mecca

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city of the Prophet’s (saw) birth

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o Kaaba

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existed at least 200 yrs prior to the Prophet (saw) and believed to be built by Abraham (pbuh)

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o Qurayshi tribe

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ruling power in Mecca, of the time; formed a violence-free zone in the area of worship (at the time Kaaba was place of worship for many different gods believed by people)…protected zone allowed economical flourishing

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• Jahiliya

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the time of ignorance of the One True God; Pagans

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o Jinn

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spirits that roam the desert that can be called upon…outside worship area (Mecca); intermediates towards God

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o Hanifs

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pure monotheists but don’t accept a lot of Jewish and Christian practices

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o Kahims

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poets…in past times, if wanted to contact the gods…it was done so in the form of poem

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• Khadija (pbuh)

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Prophet’s (saw) wife; she was initially widowed and was a very successful business person…employed the Prophet (saw) and then married…she was considered the first convert to Islam

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Mount Hira

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at the outskirts of Mecca where the Prophet (saw) would go to contemplate, which was also the area of revelation via Jibrail (pbuh)

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Night of Power

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first night of revelation

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Yathrib/Medina

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“the city”

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Hijra

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emigration to Medina; ~yr 622

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Battle of Badr (624)

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ambush of the caravans; Abu Bakr (pbuh) “God is on your side” -- victorious

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Battle of Uhud (625)

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Meccans ~3k ppl vs Muslims ~1k ppl; fought at mount Uhud near Madina; archers told to not break their position no matter what; at sight of doing well, archers broke their line to get spoils and then the Muslims were surrounded; the Prophet (saw) escaped…many died…this is where the idea of 4 wives came in…to provide for the women in the community who lost men

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Battle of the Trench (627)

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Meccans came with 10k people to Medina; the Prophet (saw) was aware of this and organized the digging of trenches around Medina; fought from Trench to neutralize the Meccan cavalry…fought until a stand still after 2 weeks of which the Meccans conceded defeat

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Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628)

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the Prophet (saw) realized that couldn’t have wars continue and so made a pilgrimage to Mecca (followed by 1400 others), the safe zone (35km), for a treaty (which lasts 10yrs)

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• Conquest of Mecca (630)

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skirmish with Meccans that Prophet (saw) sees as breach of treaty, goes to Mecca with 10k ppl, gated opened (based on repertoire from yr629 pilgrimage); Qurayshi tribe expelled; the cleansing of the Kabba; painting and murals on the inside walls were also cleansed, except one of Jesus (pbuh) and Mary (pbuh)

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• Plain of Arafat

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outside Mecca, the last sermon…where Judgment Day will occur

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• Caliph

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successors to the Prophet (saw) in terms of spiritual and political leaders of Islam

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• Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun)

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the “rightly guided ones” whom all participated in the Hijra

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Abu Bakr (pbuh; 632-634 C.E.) (CALIPH)

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known for the rid of wars; brings tribes back into community; died of fever, suspected to have been poisoned

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Umar (pbuh; 634-644) (CALIPH)

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extended Muslim community into N Africa and Middle East; assassinated by Persians

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Uthman (pbuh; 644-656) (CALIPH)

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compiled the Quran (written); political practice was not looked well upon; nepotism, centralized the authority in the community…was assassinated by Muslims

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Ali (pbuh; 656-661) (CALIPH)

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2nd convert to Islam, the Prophet’s (saw) nephew; assassinated by a radical purist sect in Egypt called Kharijites

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• Five Pillars/Arkaan

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1. Shahadah: confession of faith, 2 lines, No God but Allah, and his Prophet Mohammad (saw)
2. Salat: prayer
3. Zakat: almsgiving 2.5%
4. Ramadan: fasting dawn to dusk; no food, no water, no sex, observance of spiritual aspect, focus on religion; month ends with celebration Eid ul-Fitr
5. Hajj: major pilgrimage to Mecca/Kaaba that must perform at least once in life if capable

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• Ummah

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“community / nation” ; whole community of believers-Muslims; first established @ Yathrid

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• Ilm/ Alim/ Ulama

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all interrelated terms: knowledge, person who possesses knowledge, people who possess knowledge…of the Quran/Islam, respectively

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Sharia

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“the way to the watering hole”; applied to spiritual life…the way to God in this life being a matter of life and death like water being a physical matter of life and death

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Jihad

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to struggle / exert oneself to discern the will of God

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o Jihad-i-Akbar

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the higher/greater Jihad; spiritual fight over selfish/sinful inclinations and self-service

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o Jihad-i-Asgar

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the lower Jihad, not as vital to faith; military-oriented, call to pickup arms to defend faith/Ummah; more physical/word oriented

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Sunni

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85-90%; “deeds…actions”; derives from actions/example of the Prophet (saw) himself

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Shi'a

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9-10%; “the party” of Ali (pbuh); believe that Ali (pbuh) should’ve been 1st Caliph and say that the first three Caliphs who had actually been selected were not legitimate; attach selves to Imams…that are thought to have been in spiritual succession from the Prophet (saw)

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Sufism

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“wool”…felt something in simplicity of Islam was lost; mystical orientation/interpretation of the faith…eg denial of bodily pleasures; contemplation of the transcendent/God

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o Al-Ghazali (11th c.) (SUFISM)

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philosopher, scholar of law, poet; very successful but had existential crisis of success as being worldly; seeked Sufis, and published existential literature

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o Al-Hallaj (9th c.) (SUFISM)

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spiritual teacher, poet; during one of his trances/contemplations he exclaims he is the Creative Truth (ie god)….which was blasphemous and so condemned to death

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o Rabi’a (8th c.) (SUFISM)

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female; teachings emphasized love; said most worship of god if from fear of death or for later rewards, not actually for Allah’s sake, which is what worship SHOULD be motivated by

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o Rumi (13th c.) (SUFISM)

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philosopher and poet; universal thinker that realized Allah is supremely transcendent …encouraged use of music, art, and poetry as aids in worship of God

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• Four main sources of Islamic Law

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1. Qur’an: textual basis
2. Hadith: if not in Quran, where to go? Traditions of the Prophet (saw) as examples of practice in faith
3. Quiyas: “use head”…by analogical thinking…eg bearing false witness in court; no alcohol
4. Ijma: universal consensus of the Ummah

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• Five Major Schools of Law

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emphasis on law and how to apply to life…all share 4 sources of law (above); following list to demonstrate emphasis on Islamic law and how understood/applied to life - - ie it’s not all just abstract / metaphysical contemplation

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Jafari (SCHOOL)

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predominantly Shia; of Iraq, Iran (prevalent in latter)

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Hanafi (SCHOOL)

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Indian subcontinent; Sunni; emphasis on reasoning; deemed more liberal interpretation of the Sharia

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Maliki (SCHOOL)

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Sunni school predominant in N Africa; follow the insights of the 4 Caliphs

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Shafi’i (FIVE MAJOR SCHOOLS)

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Sunni school predominant in Indonesia; also accepts opinions of the Prophet’s (saw) companions of the Hijra

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Hanbali (SCHOOL)

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Sunni school predominant in Saudi Arabia; most conservative observance of Sharia

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Halal (FIVE CATEGORIES)

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permissible and obligatory actions; observance of 5 pillars

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Mustahabb (FIVE CATEGORIES OF ACTIVITIES)

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recommended actions, not obligatory

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Mubah (FIVE CATEGORIES)

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neutral by value; doesn’t matter for/against faith (eg driving a car)

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Mukruh (FIVE CATEGORIES)

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reprehensible, permissible with circumstances; not conducive to righteous life…looked down upon - - eg divorce

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Haram (FIVE CATEGORIES)

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utterly prohibited actions; eg to eat pork…trying to create image of god