Isfb - Spine

Front 1

common features of all verterae

Back 1

canal for passage of neural elements, body (2 proceses, 2 inferior articular facets, 2 superior articular facets, 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process)

Front 2

cervical vertebrae

Back 2

atlas (c1), axis (c2), cervical vertebrae (c3-c7), uncovertebral joints (of Luschka) (c3-c6)

Front 3

vertebral foramen (cervical)

Back 3

large and triangular to accommodate spinal cord
larger than thoracic and lumbar
transverse process
posterior tubercle
costotransverse bar (anterior tubercle, small or absent in c7)

Front 4

oval transverse foramen for vertebral artery (cervical, except c7)

Back 4

accessory vein, spinous process (bifid c3-c5), vertebra prominens (c7)

Front 5

articular process (cervical)

Back 5

superior one is directed superoposteriorly
inferior one is directed inferolaterally
appear almost horizontal (allows flexion, extension, and some lateral flexion, restricted rotation)
50% at cranio atlanto and antlanto axial joints

Front 6

thoracic vertebrae

Back 6

T1-T4 (similar to cervical vertebrae), T5-T9 (typical), T1-T10 (costal facets), T12 (most frequently fractured)

Front 7

body (thoracic)

Back 7

heart shaped

Front 8

vertebral foramen (thoracic)

Back 8

circular and smaller than cervical and lumbar

Front 9

transverse process (thoracic)

Back 9

long, strong, and rouned, t1-t10 have costal facets

Front 10

articular process (thoracic)

Back 10

coronally oriented, allow rotation and some lateral flexion, superior one is directed posteriorly and slightly laterally, inferior one is directed anteriory and slightly medially

Front 11

spinous process (thoracic)

Back 11

long and slender, slope inferoposteriorly, spinous processes overlap

Front 12

rib articulation

Back 12

costal facets, superior (larger), inferior (smaller)
T12 is transitional in orientation b/w stiff thoracic and mobile lumber

Front 13

lumber vertebrae

Back 13

L1-L5, massive, kidney shaped, bear more weight

Front 14

vertebral foramen (lumbar)

Back 14

triangular, larger than thoracic and smaller than cervical, transverse process long and slender

Front 15

articular process (lumbar)

Back 15

superior facets directed posteromedially
inferior facets directed anterolaterally
upper lumbar facets sagittaly oriented
allow rotation and some lateral flexion
L5-S1 coronally oriented (mammary process on posterior surface

Front 16

spinous process (lumbar)

Back 16

short and sturdy
thick, broad and hatchet shaped

Front 17

sacrum vertebrae

Back 17

S1-S5, 5 fused vertebrae
large, triangular, wedge shaped
inferior half is non-weight bearing
transmits weight of body to the pelvic girdle
wider in females than males

Front 18

sacral canal

Back 18

houses terminal roots of the cauda equina
sacral foramina
- 4 paired openings on the dorsal and ventral sufaces

Front 19

base of sacrum

Back 19

superior surface of S1, superior articular process, sacral promontory (projection of the anterior edge of S1)

Front 20

pelvic surface

Back 20

smooth and concave

Front 21

intervertebral discs

Back 21

may remain unossified until beyond middle life

Front 22

dorsal surface

Back 22

rough and convex

Front 23

sacral hiatus

Back 23

opening into sacral canal
contains terminal filum, S5 nerve and cocygeal nerve

Front 24

lateral surface (sacrum)

Back 24

looks like an auricle (ear) hence the name
synovial part of sacroiliac joint, covered with hyaline cartilage

Front 25

lumbosacral angle (lateral surface/sacrum)

Back 25

tilt b/w the base of the sacrum and the L5 vertebrae
varies from 130-160 degrees

Front 26

coccyx

Back 26

4 fused vertebrae, beak like
small triangular bone, remnant of tail, provides attachment for muscles of the pelvic floor and hip

Front 27

joints and ligaments of the vertebral column

Back 27

symphyses, IV discs, and ligaments

Front 28

atlanto-occipital joint

Back 28

allows flexion, extension and lateral TILTING of head
transverse processes arise from the lateral masses
wides of the cervical vertebrae

Front 29

atlanto-axial joint

Back 29

3 articulations, 2 facet joints and dens
dens held in place by transverse ligament of axis
passes b/w 2 lateral masses and posterior to dens
allows for ROTATION of the head

Front 30

intervertebral discs

Back 30

20-25% height of vertebral column
allow movement, shock absorption, 88% water at birth

Front 31

nucleus pulposus (IV discs)

Back 31

gelatinous central mass, highly elastic, located posteriorly within annulus

Front 32

anulus fibrosis (IV discs)

Back 32

outer portion, fibrocartilage and avascular

Front 33

uncovertebral joints (of Luschka) (IV discs)

Back 33

b/w uncinate process of C3-C6
possesses a capsule filled with fluid
site of arthritic spur formation

Front 34

zygopophyseal joints (facet joints) (IV discs)

Back 34

synovial joints b/w the superior and inferior articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae
permit gliding movements b/w vertebrae
innervated by the medial branch of the dorsal rami, each joint innervated by two nerves

Front 35

spinal ligmaents

Back 35

anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flava (yellow ligament), interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligament, nuchal ligament

Front 36

anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 36

ALL
strong, broad, fibrous band
covers anterolateral aspects of vertebral bodies and discs
extends from pelvic surface of sacrum to C
prevents hyperetension

Front 37

posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 37

PLL
narrower and weaker than ALL
runs within the vertebral canal along posterior surface of vertebral bodies and discs
prevents hyperflexion and has pain fibers

Front 38

ligamentum flava

Back 38

yellow ligament
runs along anterior surface of the lamina and forms the posterior wall of the canal
provides stability to the spine in flexion

Front 39

interspinous ligaments

Back 39

found b/w the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Front 40

supraspinous ligament

Back 40

cord-like ligament connecting the apices of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum

Front 41

nuchal ligament

Back 41

continuation of the supraspinous ligament from C7 to the external occipital protuberance

Front 42

posterior intercostal arteries

Back 42

thoracic region

Front 43

subcostal and lumbar arteries

Back 43

abdomen

Front 44

Iliolumbar, lateral, and medial sacral arteries

Back 44

pelvis

Front 45

extrinsic muscles

Back 45

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids
primary action on the shoulder girdle

Front 46

superficial layer

Back 46

splenius (capitis and cervicis)
origin: ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7-T4
insertion: (capitis) mastoid process, temporal bone, occiput / (cervicis) transverse process of C1-C4
nerve supply: dorsal rami of spinal nerves
action: lateral bend and extend the head and neck

Front 47

intermediate layer

Back 47

"I Like Spaghetti"
Iliocostalis (lmborum, thoracis, cervicis), Longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis), Spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)

Front 48

Iliocostalis

Back 48

lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
origin: iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spinous processes
insertion: lower ribs and transverse processes of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine
nerve supply: dorsal rami of spinal nerves
action: extend and laterally bend the spine at their respective levels

Front 49

longissimus

Back 49

thoracis, cervicis, capitis
origin: iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spinous processes
insertion: ribs b/w tubercles and angles, transverse processes and mastoid process
nerve supply: dorsal rami of spinal nerves
action: extend and laterally bend the spine at their respective levels

Front 50

spinalis

Back 50

thoracis, cervicis, capitis
origin: iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spinous processes
insertion: spinous processes and to the skull
nerve supply: dorsal rami of spinal nerves
action: extend and laterally bend the spine at their respective levels

Front 51

spinal cord and meninges

Back 51

a continuation of the medulla oblongata at foramen magnum
lies within the vertebral canal
cervical enlargement (site of origination of brachial plexus, lumbar enlargement)
site of origination of lumbar plexus

Front 52

spinal nerves

Back 52

31 pairs, 8 cervical
C1, C2-8 (know exits), 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Front 53

spinal nerves and rootlets

Back 53

ventral/dorsal
arise from spinal cord

Front 54

spinal roots

Back 54

convergence of respective rootlets
dorsal root, spinal ganglia?, ventral root

Front 55

spinal ganglia

Back 55

swelling at the distal end of the root
cell bodies of sensory axons

Front 56

ventral root

Back 56

contains efferent motor nerve fibers

Front 57

dorsal root

Back 57

contains afferent sensory nerve fibers

Front 58

spinal nerve proper

Back 58

convergence of the ventral and dorsal roots

Front 59

dorsal primary ramus

Back 59

supplies the skin and intrinsic muscles of the back

Front 60

ventral primary ramus

Back 60

supplies the limbs and rest of trunk musculature

Front 61

spinal cord and cauda equina

Back 61

know relation (embrology)

Front 62

conus medullaris

Back 62

termination of spinal cord

Front 63

filum terminale

Back 63

vestigal remnant of tail, like caudal eminence of embryo
attaches to the dorsum of the coccyx

Front 64

cauda equina

Back 64

cord ends around L1 but spinal nerves continue distally to exit from their proper foramina
oriented more vertically
"horse's tail"
bundle of spinal nerve roots in the lumbar cistern

Front 65

spinal membranes and nerve roots

Back 65

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, denticulate ligaments

Front 66

dura mater

Back 66

fibrous and elastic
dural sac
long sheath extending from the foramen magnum to the level of the 2nd sacral vertebrae
encases the spinal cord and cauda equina
anchored by the terminal filum
extends with dorsal and ventral nerve roots as the dural root sleeves, then blends with epineurium

Front 67

arachnoid mater

Back 67

"spider web"
extremely delicate and avascular membrane of fibrous and elastic tissue
not attached to dura mater
arachnoid trabeculae attach arachnoid to pia mater
subarachnoid space

Front 68

subarachnoid space

Back 68

b/w the arachnoid and the pia mater
filled with CSF**
lumbar cistern

Front 69

lumbar cistern

Back 69

enlargement of subarachnoid space distal to the conus medularis
in cadaver there is absence of CSF and arachnoid falls away from dura

Front 70

pia mater

Back 70

inner-most covering that is inseperable from the neural elements
directly covers the roots
continues as the filum terminale

Front 71

denticulate ligaments

Back 71

lateral extensions of the pia
attach spinal cord to the dural sac
lie b/w dorsal and ventral roots

Front 72

vasculature of the spinal cord

Back 72

anterior spinal artery, segmental medullary arteries, lumbar arteries, radicular arteries, veins

Front 73

anterior spinal artery

Back 73

formed by the union of branches of the vertebral arteries
runs inferiorly in the anteromedian fissure
sulcal (central) arteries
posterior spinal arteries
paired arteries
arise from either the vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
supply the posterior 1/3rd of the cord

Front 74

sulcal (central) arteries

Back 74

arise from the anterior spinal artery
supply the anterior 2/3rd of the cord

Front 75

segmental medullary arteries

Back 75

derived from the spinal branches of the ascending, deep cervical, vertebral, posterior intercostal, and lumbar arteries
concentrated at the cervical and lumbar enlargements
great anterior segmental medullary artery (artery of Adamkiewicz)

Front 76

great anterior segmental medullary artery (artery of Adamkiewicz)

Back 76

left side in 65% of persons
larger than any other medullary arteries
arises either from the inferior intercostal or upper

Front 77

lumbar arteries

Back 77

enter the spinal cord at the lower thoracic of upper lumbar levels

Front 78

radicular arteries

Back 78

run along the nerve roots
supply the dorsal and ventral nerve roots
small and usually only supply the nerve roots

Front 79

veins (spinal cord)

Back 79

3 anterior and 3 posterior spinal veins
drain to the internal vertebral venous plexus which lies within the epidural space the into the dural venous sinuses within the skull

Front 80

clincal correlations (spinal cord)

Back 80

anesthetic, spine fractures, klippel feil syndrome, rheumatoid disease, trisomy 17, congenital, spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, herniated disc