Isf A Chap 1 - Chap 3

Front 1

Types of Tissue

Back 1

4 - C MEN
Connective
Men
Epithelial
Neural

Front 2

Organ

Back 2

any structure with two or more tissues that work together to achieve a specific function

Front 3

Epithelial tissue

Back 3

covers, surfaces or line cavities - separates two distinct domains

Front 4

Connective tissue

Back 4

produce large amounts of extracellular consituents - holds things together and provides support

Front 5

Muscle Tissue

Back 5

contraction and produce force

Front 6

Neural tissues

Back 6

convey signals (usually electrical) over long distances at high speeds

Front 7

chromatin

Back 7

Protein-DNA complex responsible for the basophilia of nucleus in histological sections

Front 8

Heterochromatin

Back 8

highly condensed, darkly stained material - transcriptionally INACTIVE genes

Front 9

Euchormatin

Back 9

loose, lightly stained - transcriptionally ACTIVE genes

Front 10

Nucleosomes

Back 10

DNA histone complex - beads on the string

Front 11

chromosomes

Back 11

formed during MITOSIS, chromosomes = 2 chromatids joined by centromere

46 chromosomes in human
23 homologous pairs

Front 12

nucleolus

Back 12

non membanous, intranuclear structure, the site for rRNA synthesis and initial ribosomeal assembly

stains intensely with BASIC dyes

Front 13

nuclear envelope

Back 13

separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm, selectively permeable

2 subunits: nuclear pores, nuclear pore complex

Front 14

nuclear pore complex

Back 14

mediates and regulates bi-directional, nucleocytoplasmic transport

Front 15

nucleoplasm

Back 15

the content of the nucleus MINUS the chromatin and the nucleolus (nuclear proteins, ions, metabolites)

Front 16

Interphase

Back 16

the entire period when the cell is NOT in mitosis. G1, S, G2

Front 17

cell cycle

Back 17

the progression of the cell through G1, S, G2, and M

Front 18

G1

Back 18

Gap 1 Phase, longest and most variable, hours to years. It is the control point for cell division. Once a cell leave G1 it proceeds through the remaining phases in a regular, sterotyped fasion

Front 19

S

Back 19

synthesis phase
DNA synthesis, centrioles replicated

Front 20

G2

Back 20

Gap 2 phase

between DNA synthesis and teh beginning of mitosis
"Proof-reading" of newly synthesized DNA

Front 21

M

Back 21

Mitosis

separation of the genome through chromosome movements, division of the cell into 2 daughter cells

Front 22

Prophase

Back 22

chromosomes condense into separate visible bodies, nuclear membrane breaks down

Front 23

Metaphase

Back 23

interzonal and kinetochore spendle fibers are formed

chromosomes line up between the spindle poles

Front 24

Anaphase

Back 24

sister chromatids separate, centromere divides, chromatids move to opposite spindle poles

Front 25

Telophase

Back 25

chormosomes decondense, nuclear envelope forms around them, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm

Front 26

centrosome

Back 26

organizing center of the spindle as each pole, appearing as amorphous material surrounding a pair of centrioles

Front 27

chromatid

Back 27

one among the two identical copies of DNA making up a replicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). The term is used so long as the centromeres remain in contact. When they separate (during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis), the strands are called daughter-chromosomes.

Front 28

centromere

Back 28

attaches to chromatids to form teh a chromosome

Front 29

kinetochores

Back 29

dense structures that form on each side of the centromere. Microtubles attache to the kinetochore at one end and the spindle pole at the other.

Front 30

kinetochore fibers

Back 30

microtubles that attach to kinetochore and spindle to pull chromatid apart

Front 31

continuous fibers

Back 31

during anaphase the continuous fibers lengthen to push the poles apart

Front 32

Meiosis

Back 32

two sequential nuclear and cell divisions that produce the gametes with half the numbers of chromosomes and DNA content (Haploid) for sexual reproduction.

Front 33

necrosis

Back 33

cell death as a result of injury to the cell.swelling, membrane breakdown, disintegration of cell.

Front 34

apoptosis

Back 34

programmed cell death, active suicidal process. Requires active nucleic acid adn protein biosynthesis. DNA fragmentation, reduced cell volume, loss of mitochondrial functions, apoptotic cell bodies

Front 35

gene transcription

Back 35

synthesis of RNA from DNA by mRNA.

Front 36

histone

Back 36

protein components of chormatin. Spools around which DNA winds.

Front 37

nuclear lamina

Back 37

dense fibrillar network inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cell - composed of intermediate filaments and membrane proteins.

Regulates important cellular events: DNA replication and cell division. Anchors the nuclear pore complexes. Associated with teh inner face of the bilayer

Front 38

rRNA

Back 38

RNA that is a permanent component of the ribosomes (protein manufacturing machine)

Front 39

Karyokinesis

Back 39

the process of partitioning a cell's nucleus into the daughter cells

Front 40

haploid/ gamate

Back 40

a set of chromosomes containing only one member of each chromosome pair. Sperm and egg cells are haploid

Front 41

cyclins

Back 41

family of proteins whcih control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase enzymes

Front 42

mitotic spindle

Back 42

the structure that separates the chromosomes into daughter cells. It is part of cytoskeleton.

Microtubles, associated proteins, centrosome

Front 43

diploid

Back 43

2n, cell that have two homologous copies of each chromosome - one from mom, one from dad

Front 44

homologue

Back 44

1. one member of a chromosome pair
2. A gene similar in structure and evolutionary origin to a gene in another species
3. In evolution, characteristics that are similar in different species because they come from a common ancestor

homologous chromosomes- chromosomes with the same genes and similar sequences - important in reproduction, homologous chromosomes line up together during meiosis

Front 45

DNA Fragmentation

Back 45

key feature of programmed cell death. activation of endogenous dendonucleases with subsequent cleavage of chromatin DNA into internucleosomal fragments