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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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speciation and the phases of speciation and what is needed to start the process
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When two species gradually arise from one Species are groups of reproductively isolated organisms
Geographic isolation Reproductive isolation - – Develop different characteristics due to random mutations and/or selection operating on isolated populations in different ways |
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mechanisms of reproductive isolation and at what stage they operate, and be able to recognize examples of each
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Premating isolating mechanisms
–Prevent individuals from mating •Temporal –Populations isolated by breeding at different times •Habitat –Different habitats •Behavioral –Species-specific courtship rituals •Gametic barrier-Incompatibility of eggs and sperm -Mechanical -Incompatibliity of male and female genitalia |
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what adaptive radiation is and how it differs from convergent evolution
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Adaptive Radiation - Rapid evolution of a single or a few species to fill many adaptive niches (ex. darwins finches)
Convergent Evolution - When organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar traits |
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what is adaptation and what is a niche
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Adaption is the ability to change to adapt to a need
A niche is is a need of an individual |
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Know the usual type of evolution
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The slow change over time generated by genetic mutation
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Know the different major types of fossils and how they form
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Fossils: preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms of past ages
Organic material decays and is filled by sediment to form fossils Trace fossils - foot prints |
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Know the conditions on early earth that facilitated the evolution of life and what the probable steps were in order
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conditions of early earth:
-very little oxygen then to attack complex molecules -lightning, volcanoes, UV more intense than today stages: synthesis of small organic molecules, joining of molecules, origin of self-replicating molecules, packaging of molecules into cells |
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Know what is meant by the oxygen revolution
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2.7 bya photosynthesis started to produce more oxygen, species evolved to use oxygen
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Know what eukaryotes are and when they first evolved, and how they formed symbioses with prokaryotes
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Eukaryotic cells – (have nucleus)
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Know when eukaryotes first became multicellular
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(about 1 billion years ago; not in lecture notes)
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Know what is meant by the Cambrian explosion and what is its significance
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2nd radiation of eukaryotes produced most major animal groups in early Cambrian (coral and sponges)
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Know the major milestones in the colonization of land by plants and animals, and when they took place
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500 mya, started to move to land, animals started eating plants
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Know how the colonization and diversification of land by plants made it possible for animals to do so as well
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animals could use the enegery created by plants to feed themselves
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Know the outline of terrestrial vertebrate evolution as given
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fish were first with vertebrate
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Know the factors affecting earth’s patterns of biodiversity and extinction
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Continental Drift, Climate change, rapid climate change caused by natural catastrophes
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Know what factors are likely to lead to extinction
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Habitat destruction
environmental changes in unfavorable direction evolutionary changes by other species in community may impact it negatively |
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Know what factors led to the Permian extinction, what groups it affected, and how important it was
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extinction (250 mya)
–90% of marine species went extinct –75% of terrestrial species –Causes may include: •disturbance to habitats due to the formation of Pangaea •massive volcanic eruptions in Siberia –warming of global climate •changes in ocean circulation |
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Know what groups flourished after the Permian extinction
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Reptiles
Cretaceous - marine species Dinosaurs |
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Know what factors led to the Cretaceous extinction, what groups it affected, and how important it was
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Cooling climate
Draining of shallow seas Large volcanic eruptions in India |
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Know what is meant by the Linnaean system, binomials, and how they should be written
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Linnaean system - way to name organisms
Binomials - Italics lowercased |
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Know the major taxonomic categories, their correct order and how they should be written
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Family, order, class, phylum, kindom and domain
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Know what is meant by the tree of life, and how organisms are mapped on trees of relationships
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Map characters
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Know what is meant by abiotic vs biotic factors and what they are
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Abiotic: nonliving
Water, Air, Nutrients Biotic: Living plants, animals, fungi |
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Know what is meant by an organism’s range of tolerance, and its three categories
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range of conditions in which a population of organisms can survive
Optimum: best survival and abundance Physiological Stress: only a few individuals of the population can survive Intolerance: no organisms of population can survive |
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Know what is meant by producers and consumers, and their synonyms, and know which groups fall in which category
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Producers: (autotrophs) make food from compounds in their environment
Consumers: (heterotrophs) depend on food made by others |
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Know the factors that sustain life on earth
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One way flow of sun energy
Cycling of matter or nutrients Gravity allows for cycles |
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Know what the sun’s role is in sustaining life on earth
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supplies energy for photosynthesis
Lights and warms planet Drives climate and weather |
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Know what the sun is composed of and what kind of energy it provides
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Hydrogen and Helium (h2 and he)
Inner core causes nuclear fusion (electromagnetic radiation) |
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Know what percentage of the sun’s energy reaches earth and how much is used in photosynthesis
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1/billionth of suns energy reaches earth and .023% is used for photosynthesis
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Know what chemosynthesis is, what organisms do it, and where
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Some Archaea convert simple chemical compounds into complex compounds without sunlight
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Know what is meant by extremophiles and what are some of the conditions they live in
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Organisms that can live where life impossible for almost all others
hot springs, acid springs |
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Know what organisms are producers, consumers, omnivores, and scavengers
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Producers: land plants, algae
Consumers: (get energy from others) (herbivores, carnivores, tertairy) Omnivores: (feed on plant and animal) Scavengers: (consume on already dead organisms) |
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Know what is meant by cellular respiration, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration
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Cellular respiration (energy metabolism)
Aerobic Respiration: (use oxygen) Anaerobic Respiration: (without oxygen) decomposers |
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Know the basic reaction (in words and chemical formula) for aerobic respiration, and how it relates to photosynthesis
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Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
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Know what is meant by a food chain and a food web
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A chain shows how nutrients are transferred from one organism to another
A web is a composite of many chains that show the cycles of energy |
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Know what is meant by the different trophic levels, what is meant by ecological efficiency, and why this is significant
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trophic level contains a certain amount of biomass (dry weight of organic matter)
Eco efficienty: percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another |
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Know what is meant by GPP and NPP
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Gross primary productivity - rate at which producers use photosynthesis to make biomass
Net primary productivity - • Amount of biomass available as food to consumers in ecosystem (after producers use their share for survival, growth, reproduction) |
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Know which ecosystems are most productive and which are least productive, and why we can’t use all the most productive ecosystems
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Most producers inedible or not favored
We would destroy most other life |
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Know what is meant by matter, biogeochemical, or nutrient cycles, and know which are the main ones.
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Biogeochemical (nutrient) cycles: Continuous cycling of nutrients from non-living environment through living organisms and back
MAIN CYCLES: water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur |
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For the carbon cycle, know what happens when CO2 is added or removed from the atmosphere.
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during photosynthesis and respiration
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Know which organisms remove CO2 and which ones return it to air
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Remove - plants/consumers
return - aerobic respiration |
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Know how fossil fuels form and are released, and why it’s not renewable
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•Buried deposits of dead plant matter and bacteria
•Eventually (over millions of years) become fossil fuels like coal, oil |
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Know how nitrogen is fixed and by which organisms
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–Bacterial action-nitrogen fixation/denitrification
-Excess N2 may undergo nitrification Ammonia to nitrite: toxic to plants Nitrite to nitrate: plant nutrient |
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Know the basics of the sulfur and phosphorus cycles
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•Both essential nutrients
Taken up by plants from soil Phosphorus has no significant atmospheric component |
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Know the difference between primary and secondary succession, and be able to recognize examples of each type
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1. Primary succession:
Establishment of biotic community on lifeless ground 2. Secondary succession: Establishment of biotic community on where life already is present |
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Know the stages of primary succession
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•Pioneer species start soil formation: roots break up rocks, decay plants build up soil,
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Deserts
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evaporation exceeds precipitaion
hot day/cold night minimal vegitation |
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Semideserts
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Semiarid zones bet. desert and grassland
shrubs and thorn trees |
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Grassland
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Rainfall for grass growth
-interior of continents |
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Polar Grasslands (Artic Tundra)
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south of polar ice cap
cold, long winter, short going season |
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Tundra Permafrost
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Extreme cold, short summers
-water can percolate into lower layers |
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Tropical Rainforests
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near equator, hot, lots of precipitation
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