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136 Cards in this Set
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international relations
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field that concerns the relationship among world's governments
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collective goods problem
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problem of how to provide something that benefits all members of a group w/o regard to what each member contributes to it
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reciprocity
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soln. to collective goods problem; rewards behavior that contributes to the group & punishes behaviour that pursues self-interest at the expense of group
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identity
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principle that people are willing to sacrifice their own self interests for the sake of the group/others; based on family/kinship group
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state
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territorial entity controlled by gvt and inhabited by a population; the gvt has sovereignty
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sovereignty
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gvt answers to no higher authority; can do whatever it wants w/in its own borders
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international system
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set of relationships among world's states, structured according to certain rules and patterns of interaction
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nation-states
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grp of ppl that have national identity contained w/in a state
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nonstate actors
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actors in IR that do not operate w/in states and operate across international borders
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intergovernmental organization (IGO's)
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organizations whose members are national governments; states take actions through, w/in, in the context of
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nongovernmental organization
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private oganizations, type of transitional actor, some have more resources than others
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globalization
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encompasses many trends, including expanded international trade, telecommunications, monetary coordinating, mutinational corporations, technical and scientific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new types and scales, migration and refugee flows, and relations btwn world's rich and poor countries
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North-South gap
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gap of wealth btwn industrialized countries and nonindustrialized countries
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Cold War
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time of tension adn proxy wars btwn US and USSR, no all-out war; development of MAD; communist Russia and capitalist US
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containment
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country trying to control/halt spread of ideology via military force; adopted by US in 1940's to contain USSR communism
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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superpower crisis sparked by Soviet Union's installation of medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, marks movement when US and SU came closest to nuclear war
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proxy wars
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where two powers advise & supply two opposing smaller powers; exp. popular btwn US and USSR during Cold War
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realism
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school of thought that explains IR in terms of power; believes states are rational and only out for self interests; leaders only interested in getting and keeping power
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liberalism
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developed in reaction to realism; emphasizes morality, humans basically good; believes in possibility of cooperation; called idealism by realists
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League of Nations
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forerunner to today's UN, helped by Woodrow WIlson; not approved by US Senate and was ineffective w/o US support
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Munich Agreement
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allowed Hitler to take part of Czechoslovakia back for Germany to keep him from using military force; used as example of the failure of appeasement
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power
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ability to get another actor to do what it would have not otherwise done, measured by possession of tangible and intangible characteristics
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anarchy
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lack of a central government/power to enforce laws
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norms
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shared expectations of behavior that is considered proper
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security dilemma
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situation in which actions taken by states to ensure their own security threatens the security of other states
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balance of power
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general concept of one or more states' power being used to balance that of another state or group of states
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neorealism
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explains patterns of international events in terms of system structure--international distribution of power-- rather than internal makeup of states
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power transition theory
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theory that says the worst wars result from a challenge to the top position in the heirarchy
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hegemony
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one state holds preponderance of power in the international system, allowing it to single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted; state called hegemon
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hegemonic stability theory
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holds hegemony provides order similar to national government in international system
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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important formal alliance btwn W. Europe and N. America made to deter Soviet Power in Europe; if one NATO member attacked all others punish attacker
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Warsaw Pact
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counterpart to NATO in Eastern Europe during the COld war, disbanded in 1991
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Japanese-US Security Treaty
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bilateral treaty; US maintains troops in Japan, Japan pays US $$ annually (1/2 cost of keeping troops there)
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deterrence
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use threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action
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irredentism
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act of reclaiming territory that had once belonged to a state
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compellence
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use of force to make another actor take some action (rather than refrain from action); used when deterrence fails; purpose is to get actor to change course
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arms race
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reciprocal process where two or more states build up military capabilities in response to each other
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rational actors
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actors conceived as single entities that can "think" about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, and rank the interests in terms of priority; assumed by realists
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cost-benefit analysis
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calculating the costs incurred by a possible action and the benefits it is likely to bring
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Game Theory
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branch of mathemetics concerned w/ predicting bargaining outcomes; game = setting where two or more players choose among alternative moves once or repeatedly
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zero-sum games
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one player's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss
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zero-sum games
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one player's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss
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Prisoner's Dilemma (PD)
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game that captures collective goods problem; rational players choose moves that produce an outcome where all players are worse off than under a different set of moves; could do better but as rational actors believe unable to achieve better outcome
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Prisoner's Dilemma (PD)
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game that captures collective goods problem; rational players choose moves that produce an outcome where all players are worse off than under a different set of moves; could do better but as rational actors believe unable to achieve better outcome
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neoliberal approach
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states are unitary actors rationally pursuing their self-interests in anarchic system; states cooperate b/c it is their best interest to do so
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neoliberal approach
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states are unitary actors rationally pursuing their self-interests in anarchic system; states cooperate b/c it is their best interest to do so
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collective security
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formation of broad alliance acorss major system for purpose of jointly opposing the action of another (out of liberal institutionalism) ex: NATO
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collective security
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formation of broad alliance acorss major system for purpose of jointly opposing the action of another (out of liberal institutionalism) ex: NATO
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democratic peace theory
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al countries should be democracies b/c democracies never fight each other
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democratic peace theory
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al countries should be democracies b/c democracies never fight each other
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"rally 'round the flag" syndrome
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the tendency for a people to support their government more in times of war, at least in the short-term
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"rally 'round the flag" syndrome
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the tendency for a people to support their government more in times of war, at least in the short-term
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rational model
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decision makers set goals, evaluate their relative importance, calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, and then choose one with the highest benefits and lowest costs
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rational model
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decision makers set goals, evaluate their relative importance, calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, and then choose one with the highest benefits and lowest costs
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group think
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tendency for groups to reach decisions w/o accurately assessing the consequences b/c individual members tend to go along with the group
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group think
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tendency for groups to reach decisions w/o accurately assessing the consequences b/c individual members tend to go along with the group
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constructivism
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how actors define national intrests, threats, and relationships to one another, focus on "social" interaction
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constructivism
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how actors define national intrests, threats, and relationships to one another, focus on "social" interaction
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Marxism
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branch of socialism that holds that more powerful classes oppress and exploit less powerful by denying them share of the surplus that they created
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Marxism
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branch of socialism that holds that more powerful classes oppress and exploit less powerful by denying them share of the surplus that they created
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difference feminism
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values unique contributions of women as women
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liberal feminism
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there are essential differences between men and women; things would be different if women were in charge
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postmodern feminism
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gender differences important but are arbitrary and flexible
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hegemonic war
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war over control of entire world order--rules of international system as a whole; ex: WWII
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total war
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warfare waged by one state to occupy another, force government to concede control
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limited war
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military actions carried out to gain an objective short of surrender and occupation of the enemy
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guerilla warfare
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warfare w/o front lines, w/ irregular forcces
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truth commissions
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hear honest testimonies from people who survived during a conflict (given amnesty) to bring into light what really happened--meant to help heal
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nationalism
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devotion to interests of one's own nation over the interests of other states
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ethnic groups
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large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, religious ties and have common identity
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genocide
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systematic extermination of ethnic or religious groups in whole or in part
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ethnic cleansing
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slaughter or driving out of an ethnic group from a certain area
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ethnocentrism
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tendency to see one's own group (in group) in favorable ters, and out group in unfavorable terms
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counterinsurgency
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effort go combat guerilla armies, usually involving winning the "hearts and minds" of the people so they will stop sheltering the guerilla armies
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proliferation
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spread of weapons of mass destruction
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Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
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created framework for controlling the spread of nuclear material and expatese
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mercantilism
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shares w/ realism the believe that each state must protect its own interests @ the expense of others--not rely on international organization to create framework for mutual gains; focus on military (economy is a tool to build up military)
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economic liberalism
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shares w/ liberal internationalism believe in possiblity of cooperation to realize common gains; states can mutually gain from economic transations
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free trade
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flow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs/other restrictions; in principle was key aspect of Britain's policy after 1846 and US policy after 1945
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interdependence
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when two or more states are simultaneously dependent on each other; political not just economic phenomenon, need political cooperation to realize economic gains via trade
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comparative advantage
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principle that says states shoudl pseiclaize in trading goods that they produce with greatest relative efficiency and lowest relative cost (to other goods produced by same state) ;art of liberal economics
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autarky
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avoid trading and try to produce all needed goods alone
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tariff
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tax imposed on certaintype sof imported goods, usually percent of value, as they enter the country
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nontariff barriers
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forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as quotas or subsidies
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World Trade Organization
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global, multilateral IGO that promotes, monitors, and adjudicates international trade; shapes overall expectations and practices of states regarding international trade
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most-favored nation (MFN)
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concept that says trade restrictions imposed by a WTO member on its most-favored trading partner must be applied to all WTO members
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North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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free trade zone encompassing US, Canada, and Mexico
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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most prominent cartel in international economy; members control ≈ 1/2 of world's total oil exports; enough to significantly affect the price of oil
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industrialization
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use of energy to drive machinery and accumulation of such machinery along w/ products made by it
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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IGO that coordinates international currency exchange, balance of international payments, and national accounts; w/ World Bank pillar of international financial system; out of Bretton-Woods system
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World Bank
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established in 1944 as source of loans to help reconstruct European economies; later main borrowes were developing countries and Eastern Europe (1990's)
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Bretton Woods System
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post WWII arrangement for managing the world economy, established the World bank and the IMF
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Keynesian economics
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governemnts sometimes spend more on programs than tehy receive in tax refinue-deficit spending--to stimulate economy
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multinational corporations
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companies based in one state w/ affiliated branches or subsidiaries in other states
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supranational
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subsume a number of states and their functions w/in a larger whole; ex: EU
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international norms
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expectations hold about IR
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international organizations (IOs)
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intergovernmental organizations; IGOs like the UN or NGOs like the International Committee of the Red Cross
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UN charter
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founding document of UN; based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. Also sets out structure and methods of UN
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UN General Assembly
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center of UN structure; representatives of all states sit together in a huge room, listen to speeches and pass resolutions
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UN Security Council
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parallel to general assembly; five great powers and ten rotating member states make decisions about international peace and security
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UN Secretariat
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UN's executive branch led by secretary general (Ban Ki-moon)
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peacebuilding
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extensive peacekeeping, usually involving force rather than relying on consent of all parties; come about in UN in recent years
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World Health Organization
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provides assistance to improve conditions and conduct major immunization campaigns in poor countries
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European Union
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official term for the European Community (fomerly European Economic Community) and assorted treaty organizations; has 27 member states and is negotiation w/ other states that have applied for membership; part of european integration
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international integration
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process by which supranational institutions replace national ones--gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from state to regional or global structures
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neofunctionalism
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theory that holes that economic integration (functionalism) generates a "spillover" effect, resulting in political integration
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security community
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situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit a high degree of political cooperation
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Treaty of Rome
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founding document of European Economic Community or Common Market, now subsumed by EU and Euratom
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Euroatom
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European Atomic Energy Community; formed to coordinate nuclear power development by pooling research, investment, and management
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free trade area
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lifting of tariffs and restrictions on movement of goods across (EEC) borders
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European Commission
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Eu body whose members, while appointed by states, are supposed to represent EU interests; supported by multinational civil service in Brussles, commissions role is to identify problems and propose solutions to council of EU
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Maastricht Treaty
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treaty signed in Dutch city Maastricht, commits EU to monetary union (single currency and European Central Bank) and common foreign policy, expanded idea of citizenship (Germans can vote in France), European police agency
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World Court
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judicial arm of UN in Hague, hears only cases btwn states, 15 judges w 9 year terms; represents general world legal framework
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just wars
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wars that are legal according to international law; states allowed to repel and respond to aggression (punishment)
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preventive war
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war undertaken by choice to prevent an attack in the future, if and when the enemy might acquire the necessary military capability; now rather than later
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preemptive war
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war undertaken when there is imminent threat or invasion, conditions met
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human rights
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rights of human beings against certain abuses of their own governments
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
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core UN document on human rights; although lacks force of international law, sets forth international norms regarding behavior by governments towards their own citizens and foreigners alike
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Amnesty International
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NGO that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of human rights; reputation for impartiality
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crimes against humanity
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inhumane acts and persecutions against civilians on a vast scale in pursuit of unjust ends; used during Nuremburg trials b/c slaughter of Jews didn't go against German law
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war crimes
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large-scale abuses of human rights occuring uring war
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International Criminal Court (ICC)
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hears cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity from all around the world; expensive
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International Committee of the Red Cross
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provides practical support--medicinal care, food, letters to civilians caught in war and POWs; states respect neutrality of Red Cross
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developing countries
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world's poorer regions; global south, most people live
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basic human needs
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food, shelter, and other daily life necessities people need to feel secure; must happen to put economic growth on firm foundation
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urbanization
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people move from countryside to cities
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world-system
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view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with industrialized countries as the core, poorest countries as the periphery, and other ares (such as newly industrializing countries) as semi-periphery
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neocolonialism
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continuation of exploitation w/o formal political control; includes relationship of global south w/ US who never formally colonized anyone
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enclave economy
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historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a developing country to extract a particular raw material from a particular place-- usually mine, oil well or plantation
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dependency theory
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Marxist-oriented theory that explains capital accumulation in poor countries as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and forces of foreign capital; development/lack of development of poor countries depends on local conditions and history
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export-led growth
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strategy by NICs that seeks to develop industries that can compete in specific niches in world economy
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Un Development Program
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UN program that coordinates the overall flow of assistance through UN
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disaster relief
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provision of short-term relief to people whose hoe has been struck by disaster (including war) includes food, water, shelter, clothing
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Kyoto Protocol
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main international treaty on global warming, went into effect in 2005 mandates carbon emissions cuts in 2008-2012; US not a part
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demographic transition
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pattern of falling death rates, followed by falling birth rates that generally accompanies industrialization and economic development
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cultural imperialism
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term critical of dominance of US/Western culture in new emerging global culture
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