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136 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
international relations
field that concerns the relationship among world's governments
collective goods problem
problem of how to provide something that benefits all members of a group w/o regard to what each member contributes to it
reciprocity
soln. to collective goods problem; rewards behavior that contributes to the group & punishes behaviour that pursues self-interest at the expense of group
identity
principle that people are willing to sacrifice their own self interests for the sake of the group/others; based on family/kinship group
state
territorial entity controlled by gvt and inhabited by a population; the gvt has sovereignty
sovereignty
gvt answers to no higher authority; can do whatever it wants w/in its own borders
international system
set of relationships among world's states, structured according to certain rules and patterns of interaction
nation-states
grp of ppl that have national identity contained w/in a state
nonstate actors
actors in IR that do not operate w/in states and operate across international borders
intergovernmental organization (IGO's)
organizations whose members are national governments; states take actions through, w/in, in the context of
nongovernmental organization
private oganizations, type of transitional actor, some have more resources than others
globalization
encompasses many trends, including expanded international trade, telecommunications, monetary coordinating, mutinational corporations, technical and scientific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new types and scales, migration and refugee flows, and relations btwn world's rich and poor countries
North-South gap
gap of wealth btwn industrialized countries and nonindustrialized countries
Cold War
time of tension adn proxy wars btwn US and USSR, no all-out war; development of MAD; communist Russia and capitalist US
containment
country trying to control/halt spread of ideology via military force; adopted by US in 1940's to contain USSR communism
Cuban Missile Crisis
superpower crisis sparked by Soviet Union's installation of medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, marks movement when US and SU came closest to nuclear war
proxy wars
where two powers advise & supply two opposing smaller powers; exp. popular btwn US and USSR during Cold War
realism
school of thought that explains IR in terms of power; believes states are rational and only out for self interests; leaders only interested in getting and keeping power
liberalism
developed in reaction to realism; emphasizes morality, humans basically good; believes in possibility of cooperation; called idealism by realists
League of Nations
forerunner to today's UN, helped by Woodrow WIlson; not approved by US Senate and was ineffective w/o US support
Munich Agreement
allowed Hitler to take part of Czechoslovakia back for Germany to keep him from using military force; used as example of the failure of appeasement
power
ability to get another actor to do what it would have not otherwise done, measured by possession of tangible and intangible characteristics
anarchy
lack of a central government/power to enforce laws
norms
shared expectations of behavior that is considered proper
security dilemma
situation in which actions taken by states to ensure their own security threatens the security of other states
balance of power
general concept of one or more states' power being used to balance that of another state or group of states
neorealism
explains patterns of international events in terms of system structure--international distribution of power-- rather than internal makeup of states
power transition theory
theory that says the worst wars result from a challenge to the top position in the heirarchy
hegemony
one state holds preponderance of power in the international system, allowing it to single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted; state called hegemon
hegemonic stability theory
holds hegemony provides order similar to national government in international system
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
important formal alliance btwn W. Europe and N. America made to deter Soviet Power in Europe; if one NATO member attacked all others punish attacker
Warsaw Pact
counterpart to NATO in Eastern Europe during the COld war, disbanded in 1991
Japanese-US Security Treaty
bilateral treaty; US maintains troops in Japan, Japan pays US $$ annually (1/2 cost of keeping troops there)
deterrence
use threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action
irredentism
act of reclaiming territory that had once belonged to a state
compellence
use of force to make another actor take some action (rather than refrain from action); used when deterrence fails; purpose is to get actor to change course
arms race
reciprocal process where two or more states build up military capabilities in response to each other
rational actors
actors conceived as single entities that can "think" about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, and rank the interests in terms of priority; assumed by realists
cost-benefit analysis
calculating the costs incurred by a possible action and the benefits it is likely to bring
Game Theory
branch of mathemetics concerned w/ predicting bargaining outcomes; game = setting where two or more players choose among alternative moves once or repeatedly
zero-sum games
one player's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss
zero-sum games
one player's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss
Prisoner's Dilemma (PD)
game that captures collective goods problem; rational players choose moves that produce an outcome where all players are worse off than under a different set of moves; could do better but as rational actors believe unable to achieve better outcome
Prisoner's Dilemma (PD)
game that captures collective goods problem; rational players choose moves that produce an outcome where all players are worse off than under a different set of moves; could do better but as rational actors believe unable to achieve better outcome
neoliberal approach
states are unitary actors rationally pursuing their self-interests in anarchic system; states cooperate b/c it is their best interest to do so
neoliberal approach
states are unitary actors rationally pursuing their self-interests in anarchic system; states cooperate b/c it is their best interest to do so
collective security
formation of broad alliance acorss major system for purpose of jointly opposing the action of another (out of liberal institutionalism) ex: NATO
collective security
formation of broad alliance acorss major system for purpose of jointly opposing the action of another (out of liberal institutionalism) ex: NATO
democratic peace theory
al countries should be democracies b/c democracies never fight each other
democratic peace theory
al countries should be democracies b/c democracies never fight each other
"rally 'round the flag" syndrome
the tendency for a people to support their government more in times of war, at least in the short-term
"rally 'round the flag" syndrome
the tendency for a people to support their government more in times of war, at least in the short-term
rational model
decision makers set goals, evaluate their relative importance, calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, and then choose one with the highest benefits and lowest costs
rational model
decision makers set goals, evaluate their relative importance, calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, and then choose one with the highest benefits and lowest costs
group think
tendency for groups to reach decisions w/o accurately assessing the consequences b/c individual members tend to go along with the group
group think
tendency for groups to reach decisions w/o accurately assessing the consequences b/c individual members tend to go along with the group
constructivism
how actors define national intrests, threats, and relationships to one another, focus on "social" interaction
constructivism
how actors define national intrests, threats, and relationships to one another, focus on "social" interaction
Marxism
branch of socialism that holds that more powerful classes oppress and exploit less powerful by denying them share of the surplus that they created
Marxism
branch of socialism that holds that more powerful classes oppress and exploit less powerful by denying them share of the surplus that they created
difference feminism
values unique contributions of women as women
liberal feminism
there are essential differences between men and women; things would be different if women were in charge
postmodern feminism
gender differences important but are arbitrary and flexible
hegemonic war
war over control of entire world order--rules of international system as a whole; ex: WWII
total war
warfare waged by one state to occupy another, force government to concede control
limited war
military actions carried out to gain an objective short of surrender and occupation of the enemy
guerilla warfare
warfare w/o front lines, w/ irregular forcces
truth commissions
hear honest testimonies from people who survived during a conflict (given amnesty) to bring into light what really happened--meant to help heal
nationalism
devotion to interests of one's own nation over the interests of other states
ethnic groups
large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, religious ties and have common identity
genocide
systematic extermination of ethnic or religious groups in whole or in part
ethnic cleansing
slaughter or driving out of an ethnic group from a certain area
ethnocentrism
tendency to see one's own group (in group) in favorable ters, and out group in unfavorable terms
counterinsurgency
effort go combat guerilla armies, usually involving winning the "hearts and minds" of the people so they will stop sheltering the guerilla armies
proliferation
spread of weapons of mass destruction
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
created framework for controlling the spread of nuclear material and expatese
mercantilism
shares w/ realism the believe that each state must protect its own interests @ the expense of others--not rely on international organization to create framework for mutual gains; focus on military (economy is a tool to build up military)
economic liberalism
shares w/ liberal internationalism believe in possiblity of cooperation to realize common gains; states can mutually gain from economic transations
free trade
flow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs/other restrictions; in principle was key aspect of Britain's policy after 1846 and US policy after 1945
interdependence
when two or more states are simultaneously dependent on each other; political not just economic phenomenon, need political cooperation to realize economic gains via trade
comparative advantage
principle that says states shoudl pseiclaize in trading goods that they produce with greatest relative efficiency and lowest relative cost (to other goods produced by same state) ;art of liberal economics
autarky
avoid trading and try to produce all needed goods alone
tariff
tax imposed on certaintype sof imported goods, usually percent of value, as they enter the country
nontariff barriers
forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as quotas or subsidies
World Trade Organization
global, multilateral IGO that promotes, monitors, and adjudicates international trade; shapes overall expectations and practices of states regarding international trade
most-favored nation (MFN)
concept that says trade restrictions imposed by a WTO member on its most-favored trading partner must be applied to all WTO members
North American Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
free trade zone encompassing US, Canada, and Mexico
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
most prominent cartel in international economy; members control ≈ 1/2 of world's total oil exports; enough to significantly affect the price of oil
industrialization
use of energy to drive machinery and accumulation of such machinery along w/ products made by it
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
IGO that coordinates international currency exchange, balance of international payments, and national accounts; w/ World Bank pillar of international financial system; out of Bretton-Woods system
World Bank
established in 1944 as source of loans to help reconstruct European economies; later main borrowes were developing countries and Eastern Europe (1990's)
Bretton Woods System
post WWII arrangement for managing the world economy, established the World bank and the IMF
Keynesian economics
governemnts sometimes spend more on programs than tehy receive in tax refinue-deficit spending--to stimulate economy
multinational corporations
companies based in one state w/ affiliated branches or subsidiaries in other states
supranational
subsume a number of states and their functions w/in a larger whole; ex: EU
international norms
expectations hold about IR
international organizations (IOs)
intergovernmental organizations; IGOs like the UN or NGOs like the International Committee of the Red Cross
UN charter
founding document of UN; based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. Also sets out structure and methods of UN
UN General Assembly
center of UN structure; representatives of all states sit together in a huge room, listen to speeches and pass resolutions
UN Security Council
parallel to general assembly; five great powers and ten rotating member states make decisions about international peace and security
UN Secretariat
UN's executive branch led by secretary general (Ban Ki-moon)
peacebuilding
extensive peacekeeping, usually involving force rather than relying on consent of all parties; come about in UN in recent years
World Health Organization
provides assistance to improve conditions and conduct major immunization campaigns in poor countries
European Union
official term for the European Community (fomerly European Economic Community) and assorted treaty organizations; has 27 member states and is negotiation w/ other states that have applied for membership; part of european integration
international integration
process by which supranational institutions replace national ones--gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from state to regional or global structures
neofunctionalism
theory that holes that economic integration (functionalism) generates a "spillover" effect, resulting in political integration
security community
situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit a high degree of political cooperation
Treaty of Rome
founding document of European Economic Community or Common Market, now subsumed by EU and Euratom
Euroatom
European Atomic Energy Community; formed to coordinate nuclear power development by pooling research, investment, and management
free trade area
lifting of tariffs and restrictions on movement of goods across (EEC) borders
European Commission
Eu body whose members, while appointed by states, are supposed to represent EU interests; supported by multinational civil service in Brussles, commissions role is to identify problems and propose solutions to council of EU
Maastricht Treaty
treaty signed in Dutch city Maastricht, commits EU to monetary union (single currency and European Central Bank) and common foreign policy, expanded idea of citizenship (Germans can vote in France), European police agency
World Court
judicial arm of UN in Hague, hears only cases btwn states, 15 judges w 9 year terms; represents general world legal framework
just wars
wars that are legal according to international law; states allowed to repel and respond to aggression (punishment)
preventive war
war undertaken by choice to prevent an attack in the future, if and when the enemy might acquire the necessary military capability; now rather than later
preemptive war
war undertaken when there is imminent threat or invasion, conditions met
human rights
rights of human beings against certain abuses of their own governments
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
core UN document on human rights; although lacks force of international law, sets forth international norms regarding behavior by governments towards their own citizens and foreigners alike
Amnesty International
NGO that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of human rights; reputation for impartiality
crimes against humanity
inhumane acts and persecutions against civilians on a vast scale in pursuit of unjust ends; used during Nuremburg trials b/c slaughter of Jews didn't go against German law
war crimes
large-scale abuses of human rights occuring uring war
International Criminal Court (ICC)
hears cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity from all around the world; expensive
International Committee of the Red Cross
provides practical support--medicinal care, food, letters to civilians caught in war and POWs; states respect neutrality of Red Cross
developing countries
world's poorer regions; global south, most people live
basic human needs
food, shelter, and other daily life necessities people need to feel secure; must happen to put economic growth on firm foundation
urbanization
people move from countryside to cities
world-system
view of the world in terms of regional class divisions, with industrialized countries as the core, poorest countries as the periphery, and other ares (such as newly industrializing countries) as semi-periphery
neocolonialism
continuation of exploitation w/o formal political control; includes relationship of global south w/ US who never formally colonized anyone
enclave economy
historically important form of dependency in which foreign capital is invested in a developing country to extract a particular raw material from a particular place-- usually mine, oil well or plantation
dependency theory
Marxist-oriented theory that explains capital accumulation in poor countries as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and forces of foreign capital; development/lack of development of poor countries depends on local conditions and history
export-led growth
strategy by NICs that seeks to develop industries that can compete in specific niches in world economy
Un Development Program
UN program that coordinates the overall flow of assistance through UN
disaster relief
provision of short-term relief to people whose hoe has been struck by disaster (including war) includes food, water, shelter, clothing
Kyoto Protocol
main international treaty on global warming, went into effect in 2005 mandates carbon emissions cuts in 2008-2012; US not a part
demographic transition
pattern of falling death rates, followed by falling birth rates that generally accompanies industrialization and economic development
cultural imperialism
term critical of dominance of US/Western culture in new emerging global culture