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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Agent-Structure |
Group affect individual or individuals affect group? |
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Debate 1 |
Realism and Liberalism - main point: human nature WWI Wilson, creation of League of Nations - int'l institutions replace anarchy; biblical injunction for disarmament; legal processes Carr: realism as counter to utopianism - state emphasized; inevitable conflict; acquisition of power; rational actors |
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Debate 2 |
Traditionalism v behavioralism (methodological) Traditionalism: values, non-quantifyable Behavioralists: empiricists, positivists; scientific rigor - promoted by US government No winner in this case |
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Debate 3 |
Not enough focus on economy or weak countries until that point - decolonization created weak states Neo-marxism vs neo-utilitarianism Birth of international political economy: critique of dependencia (Wallerstein) |
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Debate 4 |
Post-positivism vs tradition (liberalism, realism) Post-positivism = critical theories and such Tradition = problem solving Strategy versus tactic |
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Realisms |
Thucydoodidoo! animus dominandi; melian dialogue: strong countries what can, weak what must Machiavelli: fox and lion; responsible state, situational ethics Hobbes: love ya dood |
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Security dilemma |
One state's security is another state's insecurity (offensive vs defense building) |
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Realist commonalities |
1. Human condition insecurity and conflict 2. Political knowledge helps solve it 3. No ultimate escape |
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Morgenthau |
Pursuit of national interest natural, desireable Ethics: situational ethics, ethics of responsibility |
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Waltz |
Structural realist - restrict scope, add rigor - System can be hierarchical or anarchic - currently anarchic: similar units of horizontal organization - states differ not in objective but in capability: international structure distinguished by distribution/balance of power |
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Liberalism: origins |
Locke (rule of law) Bentham (liberal states and international law) Kant (democratic peace theory) Love human rights, democracy, free trade, and cooperation |
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Liberalism: Domestically |
Different groups have different external ties, interests No single national interest Putnam: also account for other countries' interests |
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Commercial Liberalism |
(Rosecrance) Economic interdependence: rely on mulitnational finance instutions and trade for peace: economic might replaced military for vehicle to power |
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Republican liberalism |
Democratic peace theory (Kant); similar domestic policies, culture/values; economic ties with each other |
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Sociological Liberalism |
Rosenau Traditional - billiard balls - running around opaque Really: very interdependent and relying on each other - critiquing state-centric view Interactions create new forms of society, even competing with nation-state organization |
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(Neoliberal) Institutional Liberalism |
Prisoner's dilemma to eliminate lack of trust, makes action more predictable Institutions facilitate cooperation but can't guarantee peace Institution can be formal organization or set of rules (international regimes) |
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Keohane and Nye: |
complex interdependencedisagree that state unitary, has values, force doesn't happen in complex interdependence |
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Neoliberal realisms |
States coherent units, dominant actors, useful effective instrument in policy, hierarchy of states |
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Hegemony |
Convince people to adopt one's own way of thinking for better control (Gramsci) - influence without coercion |
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Frankfurt School rejected |
1. objective external reality 2. subject/object distinction 3. possibility of value-free social science |
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Marxism thinks... |
Realism and liberalism limiting and limited: don't try to change world order: wants to improve human lives |
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Lenin |
Brought marxism to IR - theory of imperialism to explain WWI: monopoly stage of capitalism, needed to get more resources, new outlets for surplus capital Monopoly profits allow 'corruption' of workers - prols ally w/ bourgeoisie for higher standard of living: selling out, betrayal - increases in standard of living buy off revolt Conflict endemic in capitalism: end capitalism for peace |
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Critical theory: origins |
developed by Frankfurt school international system construct of most powerful states at a given moment Want to guide strategy, not tactics; change the world: emancipatory rhetoric of Marxism |
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Critical Theories |
Seek knowledge for political purpose: liberate humanity from hegemony, "unmask" global domination, use knowledge for emancipation - explicitly revolutionary: change world |
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Gramsci |
Why is it so difficult to foment revolution in WEurope? * hegemonic system not just by coercion but also by consent - consent created by ruling stratum: disperse culture and values; low classes accept as their own - historic bloc describes mutually reinforcing relationship between socioeconomic relations (structure) and political/cultural practices (superstructure) |
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Cox's Neo-Gramscian Theory |
theory for someone and for some purpose; in perspective in time and space hegemony maintains stability at int'l level - successive dominant powers have changed world order to suit their interests, with consent of disadvantaged - degree to which state can promote hegemony is measure of extent of its power Capitalism inherently unstable; after some crisis gotta go sometime - success not assured though |
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Constructivist foundation |
- reality (states, interests) not given but made; emphasize immaterial variables - actors social in that they arise in social context - states' identity changes from interaction |
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Finnemore |
International organizations can be purposeful actors States socialized to accept new norms, values, and perceptions of interest by international organizations organizations teachers or creators of norms for entire system |
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Constructivism: Context |
Neo-utilitarians couldn't imagine norms having constructive effect on definition of interest Pushed forward by peaceful end to Cold War Loved Gorbachev A bit optimistic at first, I won't tell |
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Constructivist Approach |
Adler: "middle ground" between rationalist and interpretive approaches: both critical and problem-solving Assert human interaction dependent on ideational factors and intersubjective beliefs, which construct beliefs of actors |
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4 variants of constructivism |
1. Modernists: don't exclude standard methods; positivists, indicate causality for patterns - rationalist / problem-solving 2. use international law to show impact on IR of rule-guided behavior: international organizations 3. narrative knowing - so critical: particular attention to gender narratives, agents like social movements, security interests 4. postmodernist techniques (ouch) |
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Adler on lenses |
Constructivism set of paradigmatic lenses to observe all socially constructed reality - power important in constructed reality, should be considered |
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Process-tracing |
links between possible causes and observed outcomes; examines testimonies to find causal process - narrows list of potential causes, forces consideration of alternate paths |
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Identity and FP |
Important topic after Cold War again State identities constructed in social environment of international and domestic politics Disagree on definitions, weight of environments on state identities: interplay |
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Wendt's identities |
1. Type identities: social categories of states with some shared characteristics - can have multiple 2. role identities: product of dyadic relationships: only in relation to others (social) [friends/rivals] 3. Internal identity: cohesion, loyalty 4. External identity: nation-state's distinctiveness compared to others - identity may change with interactions |
