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83 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Westphalian state system
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Concept of nation-state sovereignty based on two things: territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures.
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WWII occupation and reoccupation
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Countries/territories changing hands multiple times during/following WWII. Linked to propensity for civil wars, as it often resulted in unnatural groupings of people and unstable/new governments.
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decolonization
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undoing of colonialism, the unequal relation of polities whereby one people or nation establishes and maintains dependent territorial governments over another.
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proxy war
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war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly.
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neighborhood effect
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the propensity of states breaking out in civil war if they are bordering a state also engaged in civil war. due to refugee and arms flows, and possible government support of rebels/gov't.
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Post-Cold War UN
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Describes increase in intervention and general activity on behalf of the UN following the end of the Cold War.
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anocracy
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Society where central authority is weak or nonexistent. There is no central authority which can effectively restrain personal violence such as raids which often escalate into wars. Includes Somalia and tribes.
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declining revenue hypothesis
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Hypothesis that as GDP and foreign aid decrease, the probability of a state engaging in civil war increases.
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data artifact
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Undesired alteration in data, introduced by a technique and/or technology.
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conventional warfare
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Form of warfare conducted by using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation. The forces on each side are well-defined, and fight using weapons that primarily target the opposing army. It is normally fought using conventional weapons, not chemical, biological, nor nuclear weapons.
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set-piece battle
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Involves large formations moving according to a plan and responding to the opposing force also by plan.
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positional warfare
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Strategy of bunkering down and defending a set point, such as a fortress.
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guerrilla warfare
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Irregular warfare and combat in which a small group of combatants use mobile military tactics in the form of ambushes and raids to combat a larger and less mobile formal army.
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symmetric non-conventional warfare
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When the state is as weak as the rebels. This weakness is characterized by raids and low military sophistication (little or no artillery and armor). Examples: Liberia and Somalia.
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collective punishment
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Punishment of a group of people as a result of the behavior of one or more other individuals or groups. The punished group may often have no direct association with the other individuals or groups, or direct control over their actions. Examples: Stalin's deportations, British in Boer War.
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set-piece battle
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Involves large formations moving according to a plan and responding to the opposing force also by plan.
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positional warfare
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Strategy of bunkering down and defending a set point, such as a fortress.
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guerrilla warfare
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Irregular warfare and combat in which a small group of combatants use mobile military tactics in the form of ambushes and raids to combat a larger and less mobile formal army.
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symmetric non-conventional warfare
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When the state is as weak as the rebels. This weakness is characterized by raids and low military sophistication (little or no artillery and armor). Examples: Liberia and Somalia.
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collective punishment
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Punishment of a group of people as a result of the behavior of one or more other individuals or groups. The punished group may often have no direct association with the other individuals or groups, or direct control over their actions. Examples: Stalin's deportations, British in Boer War.
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Resettlement
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Transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind).
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Propaganda of the Deed
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Promotes direct action against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution.
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Blanquism
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Conception of revolution generally attributed to Louis Auguste Blanqui which holds that socialist revolution should be carried out by a relatively small group of highly organised and secretive conspirators. Having taken power, the revolutionaries would then use the power of the state to introduce socialism or communism.
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Revolutionary vanguard
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Political party at the forefront of a mass action, movement, or revolution. Invented by Lenin.
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information cascades
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When people observe the actions of others and then make the same choice that the others have made, independently of their own private information signals. Because it is usually sensible to do what other people are doing, the phenomenon is assumed to be the result of rational choice. Nevertheless, information cascades can sometimes lead to arbitrary or even erroneous decisions.
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opportunistic reformers
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Parties who participate in revolution for dishonest/hidden reasons, particularly for their own personal gain.
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Mao's 3 stages of insurgency
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STRATEGIC DEFENSIVE, STALEMATE, STRATEGIV OFFENSIVE. During the first phase, insurgents use guerrilla tactics to sap the will and strength of government forces. They raid when possible and retreat when necessary. During the second phase--stalemate--neither side can conduct major offensives. A sense of futility or endlessness seeps into the government's troops and populace. Casualties and costs mount, with no decision in sight. During this second phase, insurgents build up their strength and retrain their guerrillas. When government forces and morale are sufficiently weakened by stalemate, the insurgents launch the strategic offensive, using conventional maneuver attacks with organized army units. Their goal in this third phase is to defeat government forces and exercise political control over territory.
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strategic retreat
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When confronted with a losing situation, the losing party accepts defeat in a way which allows them to preserve as much of their resources, (both moral and physical) as possible. They then set about the task of building their power base so that they can raise the issue more successfully in the future.
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attrition
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A wearing down to weaken or destroy; "a war of attrition"
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Bleeding Kansas
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Series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and Missouri between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. As such, Bleeding Kansas was a proxy war between Northerners and Southerners over the issue of slavery in the United States.
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Reconstruction
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The period after the American Civil War when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union; 1865-1877
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collective action problem
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Concerned with the provision of public goods (and other collective consumption) through the collaboration of two or more individuals, and the impact of externalities on group behavior.
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endogenity
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A loop of causality between the independent and dependent variables of a model leads to endogeneity.
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instrumental variables
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Used to estimate causal relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible.
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ceteris paribus
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"All other things being equal or held constant."
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reverse causation
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When an effect to occur before its cause.
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SPLA (Southern People's Liberation Army)
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Predominantly southern Sudanese rebel movement turned political party. Fought in the Second Sudanese Civil War against the Sudanese government from 1983 to 2005.
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JEM (Justice and Equality Movement)
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Rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict of Sudan, led by Khalil Ibrahim. Currently fighting against the Sudanese Government, including the government's proxy militia, the Janjaweed.
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Janjaweed
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Sudanese government's proxy militia, armed Arab gunmen in Darfur.
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omitted variable bias
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Appears in the estimates of parameters in a regression analysis, when the assumed specification is incorrect, in that it omits an independent variable (possibly non-delineated) that should be in the model.
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operationalization
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Process of defining a fuzzy concept so as to make the concept measurable and to understand it in terms of empirical observations. In a wider sense it refers to the process of specifying the extension of a concept - in other words, describing what is and is not a part of that concept.
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measurement error
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Difference between the actual value of a quantity and the value obtained by a measurement. Repeating the measurement will improve (reduce) the random error (caused by the accuracy limit of the measuring instrument) but not the systemic error (caused by incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument).
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lootable resource
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Natural properities of the earth that can be exploited for a profit by rebels/governments. Examples: gold, diamonds, wood/trees.
Can cause/fund civil wars. |
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self-enforcing agreements
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Agreement that exists as long as each party believes they are better off by staying in the agreement even though there are no traditional
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reservation price
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The biggest price a buyer is going to pay for a good or service; or; the smallest price at which a seller is going to sell a good or service.
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bargaining range
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Range of overlap in solutions where both parties would prefer a settlement to no settlement. Example: Party A has a car to sell and is asking $5,000, but will actually be satisfied with as little as $4,300. Party B wishes to purchase the car and has an initial desire to pay no more than $4,000, but is willing to pay as much as $4,600.
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expected utility
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Theory of utility in which "betting preferences" of people with regard to uncertain outcomes (gambles) are represented by a function of the payouts (whether in money or other goods), the probabilities of occurrence, risk aversion, and the different utility of the same payout to people with different assets or personal preferences.
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asymmetric information
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A situation in which one party in a transaction has more or superior information compared to another. Potentially, this could be a harmful situation because one party can take advantage of the other party’s lack of knowledge.
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commitment problem
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Parties lack incentive to stay within terms of agreements.
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offensive advantage
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Belief that initiating war is advantageous.
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indivisible stake
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A term or requirement that is non-negotiable for a party involved in a conflict. Leads to difficulties in war termination.
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one-sided intervention
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Single party involvement in war settlement, intend to improve rebel/government chance of victory. Very common.
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selection effect
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Statistical bias in which there is an error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a study. If not taken into account, the conclusions drawn may be incorrect.
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agency problem
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Also known as the principal–agent problem which treats the difficulties that arise under conditions of incomplete and asymmetric information when a principal hires an agent, such as the problem of potential moral hazard and conflict of interest.
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unequal conflict stakes
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Differing degrees of loss that parties are willing to incur in order to stay actively engaged in fighting.
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tipping dynamic
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A moment of critical mass, threshold, or boiling point that when reached renders
the momentum for change unstoppable. Alternative theory explaining rapid, successful one-sided intervention. |
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limited spoiler
greedy spoiler total spoiler |
A spoiler is "...leaders and parties who believe the emerging peace threatens their power, world view, and interests and who use violence to undermine attempts to achieve it."
LIMITED: limited and specific goals GREEDY: flexible goals TOTAL: demands total hegemony over situation. |
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inducement
socialization |
INDUCEMENT: action that persuades/ gives incentives for a certain action.
SOCIALIZATION: guaranteer sets new standards of norms an expectations for behavior and society post-conflict resolution. |
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departing train strategy
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Implies that "...the peace process will go irrevocably forward..." whether the spoiler participates or not.
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threaten withdrawal
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A custodian withdraws if the spoiler refuses to cooperate. This strategy must be implemented with care, as it can lead to tragedy, as was demonstrated in the Rwandan genocide.
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operationalization
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Process of defining a fuzzy concept so as to make the concept measurable and to understand it in terms of empirical observations. In a wider sense it refers to the process of specifying the extension of a concept - in other words, describing what is and is not a part of that concept.
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measurement error
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Difference between the actual value of a quantity and the value obtained by a measurement. Repeating the measurement will improve (reduce) the random error (caused by the accuracy limit of the measuring instrument) but not the systemic error (caused by incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument).
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lootable resource
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Natural properities of the earth that can be exploited for a profit by rebels/governments. Examples: gold, diamonds, wood/trees.
Can cause/fund civil wars. |
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self-enforcing agreements
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Agreement that exists as long as each party believes they are better off by staying in the agreement even though there are no traditional
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reservation price
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The biggest price a buyer is going to pay for a good or service; or; the smallest price at which a seller is going to sell a good or service.
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bargaining range
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Range of overlap in solutions where both parties would prefer a settlement to no settlement. Example: Party A has a car to sell and is asking $5,000, but will actually be satisfied with as little as $4,300. Party B wishes to purchase the car and has an initial desire to pay no more than $4,000, but is willing to pay as much as $4,600.
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expected utility
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Theory of utility in which "betting preferences" of people with regard to uncertain outcomes (gambles) are represented by a function of the payouts (whether in money or other goods), the probabilities of occurrence, risk aversion, and the different utility of the same payout to people with different assets or personal preferences.
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asymmetric information
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A situation in which one party in a transaction has more or superior information compared to another. Potentially, this could be a harmful situation because one party can take advantage of the other party’s lack of knowledge.
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commitment problem
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Parties lack incentive to stay within terms of agreements.
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offensive advantage
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Belief that initiating war is advantageous.
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UNFICYP
ONUSAL UNTAC |
UNFICYP- UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. Longest running.
ONUSAL- Observer mission in El Salvador. Involvement in police. UNTAC- Transitional Authority in Cambodia. |
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organizational blinders
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Hinder effective classification of spoilers. These blinders include: prior commitments and doctrine.
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traditional peacekeeping
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Ceasefire but no agreement, accusations of babysitting, freezing conflicts.
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credible commitment theory of civil war resolution
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commitments will only maintained is you can back it up, bitch.
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necessary cause
sufficient cause contributory cause INUS |
NECESSARY: Y cannot occue in absence of X
SUFFICIENT: If X is present then Y must happen. CONTRIBUTORY: neither necessary or sufficient. INUS: insufficient on its own, non-redundant part of set |
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UNAVEM
ONUMOZ UNOSOM UNPROFOR UNOMIL |
UNAVEM: Angola Verification Mission
ONUMOZ: Mozambique UNOSOM: Somalia UNPROFOR: Croatia UNOMIL: Liberia |
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UN safe area
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Area curtained off as no-fight zone.
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"Deter, dissuade, deny"
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1999 UN Joint Operations Symposium theme for conflict resolution.
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refugee
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"person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion." Rights: right to request asylum, protection from host country
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temporary refugee
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- non-rejection at frontier
- non-refoulment - protected by host country - provided with food and shelter by host - may not engage in subversive activity vs. home country |
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UNHCR
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- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
- mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country |
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The Kivus
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Name for a large "Region" in the Democratic Republic of Congo under the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko that bordered Lake Kivu. Area that harbored Rwadan refugees and was a hotbed of Hutu militant activity that lead to the First Congo War.
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First Congo War
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ended when Zairean President Mobutu Sésé Seko was overthrown by rebel forces backed by neighbouring Uganda and Rwanda. Rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila declared himself president and changed the name of the nation back to Democratic Republic of the Congo. The war set the foundation for, and was quickly followed by, the Second Congo War, also named the African World War, which began on August 2, 1998.
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