Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
define cultural control and its goals |
cultural control is the purposeful manipulation of the environment to make it less favourable for the pest -in order to reduce pest numbers so that they return to tolerable levels OR -to reduce pest numbers so that natural enemies can have an effect |
|
|
what are 3 things we need to understand to undertake ecological management/cultural control? |
1) insect ecology requisites (e.g. habitat, food) 2) the requisites as they are present in the environment 3) insect's behaviour towards attaining the requisites |
|
|
what is usually the weak link in the insect life cycle? |
food availability/ ability to get it |
|
|
what are the 4 categories of ecological/cultural management? |
DDRR (dance dance revolution, insects!) Divert insect from crop Disrupt continuous food supply Reduce impact of insect on crop Reduce favourability of crop |
|
|
what is the main difference between genetic and cultural contols? |
genetic is DEVELOPING SOMETHING NEW, like a new cultivar -cultural is what is ALREADY AVAILABLE |
|
|
what are 4 methods of REDUCING CROP FAVOURABILITY (decreasing available food, shelter, and habitable space) |
TOMS -tillage -obscuring host presence -modification of habitat AND ALTERNATIVE HOSTS -sanitation |
|
|
explain sanitation in greater detail, and 2 things we can do to be sanitized :). also an example. also which category this fits into |
-insects move into residual vegetation for shelter, food, and overwintering. get rid of this
methods for sanitation: 1) getting rid of cull piles 2) plowing under, chopping, raking, burning residue or feeding it to livestock BARK BEETLES ARE AN EXAMPLE! also pink bollworm in texas cat: reducing crop favourability |
|
|
explain modification of habitat and alternative hosts, an example, and a caveat. also which category this fits into |
-insects have multiple hosts for their life cycles, for example, need to move into alternative hosts when winter comes and the crop isn't available anymore. sometimes tey even rely on the alternate host to reproduce on -alternate hosts can be found as: 1) volunteer plants 2) in hedgerows 3) weeds example: buckthorn. lots of things LOVE IT, including soybean aphid and brown marmorated stink bug caveat: keep in mind the potential effect it has on beneficial insects cat: reducing crop favourability |
|
|
explain obscuring host presence and give an example. also which category this fits into |
-make the pest unable to find the host -e.g. use reflective sheeting that that reflects UV so the insect is effectively blinded example: western flower thrip can't see tomatoes when the sheeting is there cons: pollinators might not be able to see it and also it's expensive cat: reducing crop favourability |
|
|
explain tillage. also which category this fits into |
-important for crop production, basically turns soil over -disrupts any insects that may have part of their life cycle in the soil -90% of them do rely on soil -modifies soil texture, moitsure, temp -unfortunately it may modify it in a positive way -can get stuff that will turn over soil at greater depths -done in fall, early winter or spring -sometimes birds follow along and eat the bugs that are overturned, that's a form of biological control cat: reducing crop favourability |
|
|
in terms of DISRUPTING FOOD SOURCES as a cultural management tool, explain it and the 2 main categories, and the 5 total subcategories |
-manipulate crop in space and time, which results in decreased availability of required food sources, reduced reproductive rates and forces emigration to find food 2 categories: 1. disrupt continuity in space -crop spacing -crop location 2. disrupt continuity in time -crop rotation -crop fallowing -disrupting crop/insect synchrony (usually very tight) |
|
|
explain crop spacing and give an example of application. explain cons/caveats. also which category this fits into |
crop spacing is increasing or reducing space between rows and individual plants
-affects favourable habitat for insects, e.g. relative humidity, light and dark Example: corn earworms in soybeans prefer open canopies; closed canopies reduce infestation -high RH in narrow rows also enhances presence of entomopathogenic fungi of lepidoperan pests caveat: need to be really careful as spacing will affect yield cat: disrupting continuity of food sources |
|
|
explain crop rotation, give examples. also which category this fits into |
-locating different crops next to each other. should try and locate dissimilar crops. DIFFERENT FROM CROP ROTATION -will help with the spread of both the pests and potential diseases examples: soybean next to alfalfa is not good, both legumes and potato leafhopper will move between them cat: disrupting continuity of food sources |
|
|
explain crop rotation and the 3 conditions that should be present for it to work best. give example. also which category this fits into |
planting crop in a different place than before -works best if the insect CAN'T MOVE TO THE NEW PLACE, so: 1) feeding stage not mobile 2) eggs laid before new crop is planted 3) insect has a narrow host range example: western corn rootworm, to deal with it ontario is on a 3 year pest rotation corn, soy, winter wheat cat: disrupting continuity of food sources |
|
|
explain crop fallow and give an example. also which category this fits into |
-leaving the land without plantings for a period of time between plantings -disrupts the food availability -can purge an area of insects example: wireworms, if field left fallow for 2-3 years can really get rid of them -also in greenhousejs, leave everything empty for a couple of weeks and that should clear it. don't overlap!! cat: disrupting continuity of food sources |
|
|
explain disrupting crop and insect synchrony. explain 3 methods of doing this. also which category this fits into |
alter crop phenology so that its life stages are mismatched with those that the insect needs for feeding/reproduction methods: 1) alternate planting dates to be early or late 2) use different cultivars 3) combination of both cat: disrupting continuity of food sources |
|
|
in terms of DIVERTING INSECT PESTS FROM THE CROP, what are 2 methods of doing so? |
1) trap cropping 2) intercropping |
|
|
explain trap cropping and give an example, also which category this fits into |
-utilizing a non-target crop, or a specific number of target crops, to attract th einsect pest away from your main crop
-when they are all there you can treat them at once -can plant either all together, around the edges of the field, or interspersed int he field -can use a more attractive cultivar, or perhaps plant the trap crop earlier/at the same time/later than the actual crop example: greenstrip trap cropping: for colorado potato beetle, late maturing potato cultivar planted and late in the season the main cultivar is dessicating, and beetles move to late maturing cultivar. then you kill em and thereby reduce overwintering population category: diverting insect pests from the crop |
|
|
explain intercropping and give an example, also which category this fits into |
growing dissimilar crops in the field at the same time can dissuade insects from coming into the field example: potato leafhopper densities are reduced by 82-90% when compared to alfalfa monocultures category: diverting insect pests from the crop |
|
|
in terms of REDUCING IMPACT OF INSECT INJURY, what are the 2 techniques? |
1. modify host tolerance 2. modify harvest schedule |
|
|
explain modifying host toleranceand which category this fits into |
-non-genetic modification of crop plant -making sure that the crop is vigorous and strong through good fertilization, weeding, spacing, and irrigation, and also seed treatment -stronger crops better able to tolerate insect pests cat: reducing impact of pest injury |
|
|
explaing modifying the harvest schedule and which category this fits into |
-harvest times can vary lots within certain acceptable limits -early harvest can reduce food availability for potentially overwintering insects, saving the crop as well -overwintering population also not as robust cat: reducing impact of pest injury |
